El Norte Essay

Gregory Nava’s El Norte appeared in the Telluride Film Festival in 1983 and presents the difficulties and real factors of relocation and multiculturalism. Despite the fact that the film’s settings are not steady with today’s situations, it is as yet a significant work since it gives and periodical collection of the transient issues just as a foundation to today’s multicultural issues. An investigation of the film uncovers not just the improvements in the discernments with respect to movement yet in addition the advancement of specialty social gatherings from the point of view of both unique and assenting social orders. In addition, El Norte proposes that social predispositions exist in different degrees of society even in apparently homogenous ones and that social disambiguation makes social vulnerabilities. Along these lines, the film can give significant experiences on how multicultural brain research creates and changes in various settings. Thusly, the bits of knowledge that can be created can help address the issues looked by the Xuncax family, especially by the Rosa and Enrique in their mission to discover their route and to set up another life in the United States. In each of the three pieces of the film, social contrasts stay a predominant issue. Handled intimately with social issues, the film’s see is that culture is both a wellspring of solidarity and a bane for the kin. Simultaneously, the change in both Rosa and Enrique’s perspective on their experience and their possibilities experiences a transformation that provokes them to discover their place in the social blueprint. Workers or Refugees One of the significant issues that are being investigated in the film is in regards to the status of Rosa and Enrique as transient or displaced people. This issue is one that has become an enthusiasm for thought of the political and financial oppression that got predominant in totalitarian and warmongers governments in South America. Numerous nations, in light of a legitimate concern for controlling the deluge of transnational built up capabilities that can be considered as outcasts, qualified for haven and those that are to be considered as transients. The general agreement appeared to be that political abuse was to be the reason for outcast status while vagrants were related with monetary inspirations. Moreover, the status of outsiders requires legitimateness where qualification depends on an individual’s gainful limit. On account of the fundamental characters of the film, they began more as exiles. The conditions that persuaded them to leave Guatemala were a result of oppression against indios their inspiration was obviously not financial in nature. Or maybe, it was a result of dread against dangers against their life because of their ethnicity. Simultaneously, one arranges the kin as outcasts since they are not given the decision of staying or returning to Guatemala or to look for the security of their administration. In any case, they are not given this status yet doesn't either satisfy the occupants of being considered as settlers perceived by the United States. Considering these, Rosa and Enrique are to be considered as outsiders, anyway it ought to be noticed that their absence of legitimate status makes such a characterization tricky too. In progressively contemporary terms, they are to be considered as unlawful transients, neither of their own nation or the one they are right now in. Difficulties and Implications It is justifiable that there is hesitance to think about them as evacuees since such a status, under the global sanctions, makes them qualified for living arrangement in the United States as well as makes them qualified for social help and position. Conversely, settlers are overseen by the states of their relocation or living arrangement projects and there is more noteworthy slack for their launch when they are demonstrated to be ineffective or inconvenient to society. In this manner, Rosa and Enrique can just go to illicit methods for entering the nation as delineated by their relationship with a â€Å"coyote† who sneaks them into the nation. In spite of the fact that this detours the administration expected to increase both evacuee and outsider status, it likewise has left them defenseless against maltreatment since they can not look for lawful or legal mediation in the event that they have to. Moreover, since they previously entered the nation wrongfully, the have cut off their ties in increasing lawful acknowledgment in the nation. The kin both offer viewpoints on the organizations that vagrants need to manage. Rosa’s point of view is that their excursion north has just driven them from death to more noteworthy neediness and addressing in the event that they have a spot anyplace on the planet with the exception of in death. Enrique mirrors the supposition that he is viewed as just a factor of creation, a â€Å"strong arm†, picking up no more noteworthy incentive than animals or hardware. In either case, the kin show that they see themselves separated from society, barred by their situation and history. Cultural assimilation Though the partners of the kin are commonly constrained to their own locale of transients, this isn't to propose that they don't put forth an attempt to turn out to be a piece of the general society. In any case, their endeavors are frequently stopped by social and social previously established inclinations that case them into their jobs as unlawful migrants. Simultaneously, they were being tested to acclimate to their jobs inside their won network the same number of the prejudice they looked against their indigenous legacy in Guatemala persevered. The incongruity is that they legacy that they are being abused structure is additionally the wellspring of the philosophical viewpoint that give them the will to endure and bear the conditions and difficulties of their excursion north. The kin peg the entirety of their social communications from their perceptions just as each other’s viewpoints. The issue of turning around from one’s social legacy is a fundamental topic of the story since from the earliest starting point, saw social inferiorities were the core of the difficulties looked by Rosa and Enrique’s family. In this way, inside the socially rejected network they are sorted in by standard society they remain untouchables. It is then evident from the perceptions and cooperations of the kin that their cultural assimilation is consistently from and externalist’s viewpoint. Along these lines, as Rosa and Enrique attempted to acclimate to their situation, there is by all accounts an acknowledgment that they will nor have the option to be a piece of their locale. Movement Policies and El Norte The guess that the illicit migrant exchange is one that is secured and even supported is a point of view that is introduced in the story. Illicit outsiders give modest work, a cover against government managed savings necessities and a work gracefully for employments that are undesirable occupations. Simultaneously, settlers can have vocations that permit them to stay alive as they attempt to pick up the residency they have to apply for authenticity. In any case, there is confidence to Enrique’s supposition that such a situation has left them in a proceeded with disservice. He brings up that their circumstance has left them financially, socially or politically burdened yet in addition has made him question his value as an individual and social legacy. The United States stays to be the favored nation for relocation and there is as yet an incredible requirement for vagrants especially to continue work powers in employments that are viewed as hands on in nature, However, actually the nation is as of now confronting high joblessness among its residents and there is a stoppage of the economy. Along these lines, the need to control movement is likewise advocated, if a bit much. Simultaneously, the ingenuity of ethnicity or culture as a predisposition despite everything perseveres regardless of the foundation of political organizations that are to ensure social assorted variety. Actually the issue isn't so much in regards to movement yet the absence of practical chances and the biased dissemination of riches inside countries and globally.

Small business marketing plan. Dans Auto and Trucks Repair Company

Presentation Marketing structures one of the most significant elements that direct the advancement that an association can make since it comprises the last advance in the chain of creation. Promoting investigators for the most part agree that the way toward showcasing brings purchasers and an association together, a thought that makes it urgent to build up the right substance of items, administration, and in particular, the organization making the products.Advertising We will compose a custom research project test on Small business advertising plan. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A successful execution of advertising anyway requires a firmly planned and an exceptionally systematic use of showcasing plans and unique abilities to win clients. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company has kept on developing and augment its market since it was framed. The last has been accomplished through dynamic promoting of its item s both in the United States and over the globe (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013). This paper gives an assessment of the organization and especially its promoting plan. Also, a powerful SWOT investigation of the organization has been led by investigating the key qualities and openings. Furthermore, potential dangers and openings have been tended to in the paper. A short organization foundation Dan’s auto and track fix The capacity of any business to absorb the right efficiency and benefit is profoundly reliant on its capacity to figure and apply the mission, objectives, and targets in its administration plans. As indicated by Johnson (2002), a business ought to figure its advertising goals in accordance with its drawn out procedures whereupon it expects to convey innovation, HR, and assets to improve the acknowledgment of its crucial. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company is one of the quickest developing little auto and truck fixes organizations in the United States. The proprietor who is known as Dan Wozniac started this business in 1991 in Arlington, Texas. It merits referencing that Dan’s business is family-possessed and it gives wide scope of vehicle administration fixes to its clients (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013). Its channels of essential deals and administrations are the ordinary clients and emergency aides administrations led on a 24-hour premise. It likewise offers armada administrations which incorporates state guaranteed vehicle examination, wrecker administrations, vehicle items, armada need administration, DFW Metroplex territory, vehicle fix and on location support. Promoting Looking for research paper on business financial aspects? We should check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Its staff incorporates a little gathering of profoundly qualified professionals. The company’s the executives structure has experienced significant audits that push it towards de centralization and more prominent duties to laborers and clients. Ahenkora and Peasah (2011) show that a lean pecking order permits representatives to have direct touch with their top administration and add to long haul arranging. Additionally, it decreases the general time used to react to laborers, ecological, and consumers’ issues. So as to additionally underscore on lean administration, notice that the inventories are extraordinarily decreased while extra center is given to corporate social obligation. The structure has made significant arms that connect all partners and consequently makes it straightforward issues influencing them. The last is a urgent thought in characterizing the purpose of passage by the organization. The organization has seen critical development in its market changes throughout the years. The last has been joined by possible accomplishment in business. This has been because of its productive administration, advertising aptitudes and development. Mor eover, it centers around improved and a wide scope of administration conveyance and aptitude of laborers. This has pulled in the consideration of truck and vehicle proprietors just as a few other settled and fruitful organizations. It has additionally been credited to the versatile venture and corporate promoting systems that give the sort of innovation and administrations just as the proficient showcasing practice to apply. Other significant administrations incorporate diesel and electronic and non-electronic fixes, total assistance and fix of grip, air powered brake frameworks, pivot, front-end, undercarriage among others. It has a few business fragments, for example, vehicle care section, examinations for all vehicles, preventive upkeep and item portions, having new and utilized tires, motor parts and other arranged vehicle saves. Statement of purpose Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company has monstrously profited by the close connection with its laborers, buyers and nature since it was incepted. It is one of the most significant parts that drive its prosperity (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013).Advertising We will compose a custom research paper test on Small business showcasing plan. Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More subsequently, it has taken extraordinary walks in guaranteeing that the arrangement of better and unrivaled administrations and maintainability are painstakingly imbued in its strategic initiative structure. This has been utilized as a system of guaranteeing that the company’s belief system and standards are actualized. The company’s crucial based on basic beliefs that characterize its administrations and items. Its strategic be summed up as the arrangement of extraordinary client care. This signifies the duty of the organization in cultivating successful assistance conveyance. Proclamation of objectives and center capabilities Johnson (2002) brings u p that a private venture can have the option to investigate the accomplishments in its condition by creating or concentrating on its center abilities. Dan and his group of laborers have come to create compelling techniques in catapulting their business to progress in the course of recent years. In their arrangement of administrations, they have had the option to point towards abusing, utilizing, fortifying, keeping up and creating center capabilities. Center abilities as in a firm may incorporate an organization’s useful aptitudes, for example, innovative work, innovation, fund, advertising and assembling. A choice to build up a methodology through abusing center abilities may in the following three years guarantee that the firm doesn't only deliver quality items. It might likewise convey important administrations and one of a kind advantages to clients. Moreover, misusing center skills as a methods for creating procedure necessitates that assets in a business are shared simi larly over every single existing unit. Johnson (2002) calls attention to that the best and compelling center abilities that ought to be shared should be the elusive ones. Dan has demonstrated a more profound comprehension in his training as in impalpable abilities are significant as in his rivals are not have the option to see them since they are undetectable. The organization has had the option to use capabilities identify with abilities and information which its workers have.Advertising Searching for research project on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More The business information potential point of view as of now involves seeing the business showcasing system and arrangement of administrations through holding onto innovation as the main impetus behind authoritative achievement. The top administration has tried to give vision with respect to innovation focussed help arrangement and promoting which includes structuring and actualizing the necessary IT framework. The last thinks about the outer IT technique parts, for example, skills, extension and administration. Serious potential arrangement point of view in the following three years seems to concentrate fundamentally on abuse of the rising IT abilities so as to achieve new items and administrations. This can extend the business scope. It is likewise worried about impacting the basic qualities of the procedure which includes particular capabilities, and the advancement of new sorts of client connections. This point of view is viewed as one of a kind since it permits business advertisin g system to be adjusted utilizing the developing IT capacities. Generally advertising procedure Janicijevic (2010) places that building up a promoting system that is compelling and situated for long haul requires key vital arranging and successful authority strategies. Building up an advertising plan gives a firm sufficient opportunity to meet its objectives. As a methodology, it reflects Hamel and Prahald’s see in their model of key purpose. Hamel and Prahald contend that arranging is a vital promoting aim which is planned for utilizing center abilities, capacities and inner assets a firm has so as to achieve out of reach objectives a serious market condition presents (Ahenkora Peasah, 2011). On a similar breath, Strategic researchers call attention to that while vital purpose is significant for more elevated levels of execution, its belongings must be acknowledged when representatives in an association demonstrate duty to a dream or a particular exhibition rule. SWOT examin ation Strengths Since its commencement in 1991, Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair Company has ceaselessly developed its promoting exercises and procedures to get one of the significant suppliers of diesel vehicle and truck specialist co-ops in Texas (Dan’s Auto and Trucks Repair, 2013). Experts have called attention to that the administrations the organization gives which ranges from automated diagnostics of all diesel and different motors to a 24-hour towing and emergency aides have colossally pulled in clients who have thusly evolved inclination and certainty to the company’s accessible administrations. Furthermore, it is

Finding Non-Fiction Reads on Twitter

Finding Non-Fiction Reads on Twitter Remember way back in the day when Twitter first became a thing, and everyone was convinced that this was the end of literacy? What is the world coming to? How can anyone say anything intelligent in 140 characters? And so on. The laments were great in number. Of course, the dire prophecies didnt come true. Twitter has problems (cough harrassment cough), but hurting literacy isnt one of them. Ironically, scrolling through an endless stream of tweets has made me read more, not less. Ive never been fond of non-fiction theres no dragons! but being on Twitter has made me finally give non-fiction a try. What usually happens: Im jumping around on Twitter, reading about politics and succulents, when I end up on someones profile. Theyre funny, theyre insightful, and oh hey, they wrote a book! Neat. First came Bad Feminist by Roxane Gay (@rgay). Her tweets are half slice-of-life and half heartbreaking reflection. Her book contains a series of essays that examine feminism through a real world lens. Ill deny it if you ask me in person, but I may have cried a few times reading her writing the social media and book kind. Then I started following Luvvie Ajayi (@Luvvie) for her Game of Thrones summaries. I gave up watching Game of Thrones ages ago, but Im still invested, so Luvvies laugh-out-loud summaries kept me in the know. Naturally, I had to give her book Im Judging You: The Do-Better Manual a try. It was the perfect dose of advice, pop culture commentary, and sharp analysis of race representation. When the election revved up earlier in the year, I got into the habit of scouring Twitter for political insights on the whole mess. In retrospect, maybe I should have gone outside and found a dog to pet. Somehow, after long nights of clicking around, I ended up reading Sady Doyles (@sadydoyle) pointed destruction of sexist nonsense. Thats how I ended up picking up Sady Doyles book Trainwreck: The Women We Love to Hate, Mock, and Fear and Why. After a rec from my sister, I started following St. Louis writer Sarah Kendzior (@sarahkendzior), just in time to read her clear-eyed but incredibly grim analysis of the election. Buckling down to read her essays in The View From Flyover Country is high on my priority list. And now that the election is over, Im stocking up on funny reads as well. During the presidential debates, I lived for Alexandra Petris (@petridishes) livetweets and satiric debate recaps. Im planning on grabbing A Field Guide to Awkward Silences the first chance I get. I need the laughs. We all do. Ill be the first to admit that Im terrible at reading non-fiction. I get antsy, even when Im reading something incredible, and I start thinking about dinner. But it all works out great. When I get restless, I just keep reading on Twitter. Sign up for True Story to receive nonfiction news, new releases, and must-read forthcoming titles. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Essay about Adhd in Children - 1924 Words

Introduction: Most people have heard of the term Attention Deficit Hyperactive (ADHD) disorder. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder that interferes with an individuals ability to attend to tasks (inattention), inhibits ones behavior (impulsivity), and may interfere with a persons ability to regulate ones activity level (hyper-activity) in developmentally appropriate ways (Barkley 19). The most important job for teachers and parents is to separate fact from fiction, to clarify what we know and dont know. Properly diagnosing ADHD, medication choices, and behavioral interventions are the key focal point. Is medication truly worth the side effects? Diagnosing ADHD As the name implies,†¦show more content†¦Some of the side effects for this medication include headache, stomach pain, sleeplessness, and decreased appetite (Prescription Medication Overview). Additionally, this mediation often takes up to four weeks to realize its full effect. Some benefits are only a single daily dose is required, it increases attention span, helps with on task work, and assists with controlling hyperactive symptoms. Ritalin ® is given two or three times daily and is a fast acting medication that is quickly assimilated and used by the body. Ritalin SR ® and Ritalin LA ®, have longer durations of approximately 8 hours and therefore requires only one dose daily. Side effects for the Ritalin line include nervousness, stomach pain, sleeplessness, and decreased appetite (Prescription Medication Overview). Benefits of the Ritalin ® are a fast acting potential, increases attention span, help with on task work, and assists with controll ing hyperactive symptoms. Additionally, other side effects seen in methylphenidate, which is the active ingredient in both Concerta ® and the Ritalin ® line, may include; nausea, vomiting, dizziness, tics, allergic reactions, increased blood pressure and psychosis (Prescription Medication Overview). The newest medication approved by The U.S. Food and Drug Administrations is not a stimulant. This new drug is Strattera ®. Strattera ® is a selective norepinephrine, a neurotransmitter and reuptake inhibitor (Strattera). This differs from theShow MoreRelatedAdhd : Children With Adhd Essay1495 Words   |  6 Pagessigns of what one might diagnose as ADHD if he were examined at a particular point, in a particular classroom, with a particular teacher. In other situations, he is completely able to focus on his tasks and has no problem whatsoever with comprehension and understanding the material he is supposed to learn and in in fact mastering that material. He had an assessment known as an APP done in the second grade and it was determined that he was not a child with ADHD. It has been five years since the secondRead MoreChildren With Adhd ( Adhd )838 Words   |  4 Pages Children with ASD sometimes present aggressive behavior, self-injurious behavior and tantrums that impede their ability to learn in an educational environment (home school). Sometimes medicine is used in an effort to calm the child to the point where they are able to learn in an educational environment. It is recommended that behavior therapy be considered as the first course of action. Doctors recommended Risperdal for Marginee` inability to relax. Risperdal is alsoRead MoreThe Effects Of Adhd On Children With Adhd1603 Words   |  7 PagesINTRODUCTION ADHD is a very common neurodevelopment disorder of childhood. It is usually diagnosed in late childhood, around the age of seven by the teachers. The symptoms are typical during ages 3-6 and if not treated properly becomes chronic and persists even after entering adulthood. Children with ADHD may have trouble paying attention, staying organized and controlling impulsive behaviors. It is very difficult to diagnose and when undiagnosed the children can grow to be mislabeled as troubleRead MoreEffects Of Adhd On Children With Adhd1442 Words   |  6 PagesAndrew Youngers Ms. Aukes English II 17 September 2015 Overdiagnosis Of ADHD Medication Four percent of all children in the United States Of America are diagnosed with ADHD (â€Å"When Will America Just Say No†). From 2008-2012 the rate of children diagnosed with ADHD went up 30 percent ( While there are this many diagnoses’ not all of them are correctly given. Some people pretend to have ADHD so that they can abuse the medicine with it. This is one of the reasons people are divided at giving their childRead MoreChildren Of Children For Adhd995 Words   |  4 Pagesof the children to think the same and learn the same throughout their education. Teaching this way does not help children learn it pushes them to all be the same. They do this by medicating children, shutting down divergent thinking, and trying to make every child learn the same way. This makes learning very difficult for some children. Medicating children for ADHD has increased it is now about as common as having your tonsils removed. It is in place I feel like to drown out the children thatRead MoreEffects Of Adhd On Children And Adolescents With Adhd1543 Words   |  7 PagesADHD Treatment ADHD is not a curable condition but it is treatable, and treatment can begin at any age. The use of medication is the most common form of treatment. Stimulants are the best-known treatments and have been used for over 50 years (KidsHealth, n.d.). Non-stimulants and antidepressants are good alternatives to the use of stimulants. Research has shown medications used to help curb impulsive behavior and attention difficulties are more effective when combined with behavioral therapyRead MoreEssay On ADHD In Children1172 Words   |  5 Pages ADHD in Children 1 Attention-deficity hyperactivity disorder formerly known as (ADHD) is neurobehavioral Condition that interferes with a person’s ability to pay attention and exercise age appropriate Inhibition. ADHD usually becomes apparent in children during preschool and early childhood Years. â€Å"It’s your job to figure out what ADHD is†. (F. XavierRead MoreAdhd And Its Effects On Children1358 Words   |  6 PagesWhen given the option to choose a condition to write a paper on I was immediately drawn to ADD and ADHD because these conditions are something that has had a direct effect on my life. These two disabilities weren’t just words to me, they were my reality. My father had ADHD but we were never told the name of it, rather that he just couldn’t sit still and needed to tinker, so dad was a tinkerer. It wasn’t until years later that I was diagnosed with ADD, which I realized that it was a condition thatRead MoreChildren and ADHD Essay717 Words   |  3 PagesGive the fact that many children (and adults, for that matter exhibits some level of the symptoms of ADHD (i.e., inattention, impulsivity, or over activity), what approach could be used to ensure that children are appropriately identified with ADHD? The child who is showing some symptoms of ADHD should get the proper diagnoses and the parents should bring their child to a specialist. First of all, the child would be seen by a pediatrician or a child psychologist. The specialist would gather informationRead MoreThe Misdiagnosis of Children with ADHD1498 Words   |  6 Pagesproviding financial assistance, food, and clothing. Time spent with parents is essential when dealing with children who have behavioral issues because parents or guardians may not have the funds or time to spend with their children due to other obligations needed to support the family. Parents and guardians play a major role in helping children grow and develop to their fullest potential. As children grow, they depend on their parents or guardians for basic needs and support such as food, shelter, education

Questions On Online Learning Styles - 813 Words

When it comes to learning styles, what exactly comes to mind? Would it be hands on, auditory, or tactile learning? Those are all similar styles that can be park of online learning or most of all the traditional style of learning. So what would you choose? There are many similarities when it comes to traditional and online learning but it’s important to know there are just as many differences between the two. When it comes to the two learning styles there are always the different distractions, learning methods, and always the occasional getting in the way of work. Let’s start with talking about online learning. There are about 6.1 Million people enrolled in online courses according to an article written by Steven Kolowich. (I was one of them my first semester.) Why take an online course you ask? Well sometimes you don’t have enough time out of the day to be able to drive up to the college and sit in a classroom for hours at a time. With taking online courses it gives you more time but it does cause a lot of distractions. You’re going to be doing a lot of your work at home. This means whatever you have going on around your house is a given distraction. Whether it’s a TV playing in the background, a dog that won’t sit still, or of course the route-y toddler you have playing with blocks as you type this essay! There’s also different learning methods you will experience while taking online courses. Almost all of the work will be in front of your computer screen, (unless you’reShow MoreRelatedDiffere nces in a Traditional Class and an Online Course.768 Words   |  4 PagesDifferences in a traditional class and an online course Although the concept of learning a subject in a traditional class and an online course are the same, they differ in many ways. Both have a goal for students to learn from the information given to them, but their techniques for teaching that information are not at all alike. With a traditional class, students are able to work one on one with the teacher, whereas with an online course students have to takeRead MoreStudent Survival Guide for Distance Learning Education1122 Words   |  5 PagesStudent Survival Guide for Distance Learning Education By Paul C. Torr Jr. Axia College of the University of Phoenix Gen 105 Final Project Introduction Learning can be a difficult task to anyone who wants to expand his or her knowledge. With the help of online schools, learning has stepped into a new environment that is growing rapidly. Secondary education is now possible for students who want to complete his or her degree online. This might not necessarily be the ideal education forRead MoreEssay on Vark Learning Styles963 Words   |  4 PagesStudents Learning StylesLearning is a complex process of acquiring knowledge or skills involving a learners biological characteristics/senses (physiological dimension); personality characteristics such as attention, emotion, motivation, and curiosity (affective dimension); information processing styles such as logical analysis or gut feelings (cognitive dimension); and psychological/individual differences (psychological dimension) (Dunn, Beaudry, amp; Klavas, 1989). Due to the multiples dimensionsRead MoreLearning Styles Experienced As An Online Tutor And Academic Director1555 Words   |  7 PagesUNIVERSITY OF WATERLOO Faculty of Mathematics LEARNING STYLES EXPERIENCED AS AN ONLINE TUTOR AND ACADEMIC DIRECTOR PD2: Critical Reflection and Report Writing Waterloo, Ontario  ¬Prepared by Owen Cameron Linton 2A Honours Mathematics ID 20583132 December 1, 2015 1525 Fieldlight Blvd Pickering, Ontario L1V 3R5 December 1, 2015 Mr. Ron Champion, PD 2 Instructor Professional Development Program University of Waterloo 200 University Avenue West Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1Read MoreOnline Learning As A Form Of Education Essay1184 Words   |  5 Pagesindustry. At the same time, online learning, as a form of distance education, â€Å"imposes itself strongly and becomes a core concern of human thought and modern life.† (Saleem, 2016, p.53). As an untraditional method of education, online learning is very different from traditional ones. Those different make the outcome of online learning hard to be evaluated and examined. However, due to its low cost and high flexibility, online learning can help people achieve life-learning and may have a profound influenceRead MoreThe Concept Of The Theories, What Do They Say?1507 Words   |  7 Pagesbehind the lernig styles Use positive and neg arguments!balance the situation or turnet around! Choose 1or more stronger learnig style that represents u. justify the reasons (workpress.com, 2011) Introduction This project came to life because of the two theorists P. Honey and A. Mumford. They researched for years on how to put together a project in order to identify the learning styles. Finally, they came up with the idea of a questionnaire. By gathering eighty questions together, all containingRead MoreConvergent And Divergent Thinking Of Online Learning897 Words   |  4 Pagesof thinking processes and being able to answer questions when using these two types of thinking processes. In this educational psychology class, I have learned the difference between convergent and divergent thinking and what they are thus far since we just began looking at Chapter Nine a couple of classes ago. I was able to learn that convergent thinking has only one correct answer while divergent thinking has multiple answers for the same question. Article Review 1 Introduction The first articleRead MoreLearning Style Essay675 Words   |  3 PagesI am going to discuss my preferred method of learning, also called a learning style. I believe that people do prefer to learn in a certain manner, but are capable of learning in many styles rather than just the one preferred. I used two different websites answering numerous questions, which gave me some results showing which learning style I preferred. For the most part I agreed with the outcome, but found some interesting, and contradicting information. The first site I used gave me a numericalRead MoreTime Management and Learning Styles Essay1146 Words   |  5 PagesTime Management and Learning Styles In a society where life seems to be a race against time for many, time is precious. Going to nursing school has allowed me to explore the nurse’s role. Consequently, I think of time management more than ever. There is no doubt that managing time wisely is fundamental when caring for multiple patients. However, efficient time distribution is important in all aspects. As a married, full-time college student who works part-time, I know that taking care of school,Read MoreOnline Education : An Effective Way For Students991 Words   |  4 PagesOnline education has been proven to be an effective way for students to finish their college career. Since online education started, students who decide to take online courses have now many opportunities to finish their career without having to be on campus. Online education gives students who have a very tight schedule the opportunity to take classes online without having to worry about being on a classroom. Students who usually take cours es online tend to think that it can be easier, rather than

Cracking the Myan Code Free Essays

Watching the NOVA special Cracking the Maya Code made me realize a lot of things about the Maya’s and about their language that I had never before known. I thought it was very interesting how they figured out the Dresden codex correlated to a time the universe had started. Even more than that, they correlated that to our calendar, to help them date the hieroglyphics that they found. We will write a custom essay sample on Cracking the Myan Code or any similar topic only for you Order Now I think it is really interesting how they recreated what the Maya cities would have looked like, and how the civilizations would have been. I think one of the most important discoveries described in the video though was the one stilla of the Mayans has historical relevance. This discovery helped the archeologists to put together a much better picture of history and of life in Maya time. It is as close to written document as the historians are going to get, which makes it so cool that they found this discovery. | Another interesting thing I found in the video was the disappearance of language of hieroglyphics. I didn’t know that Maya’s were forced away from that language, and that many now did not know how to read it. I just kind of thought of it as a ‘dead language’ not as one that was a native language that had been purposely eliminated. That was one of the most interesting and saddest things that I found in the video. I wonder if the language of hieroglyphics had stayed more relevant if it would be easier for historians to find information about the culture, because they wouldn’t have to do as much language depiction. How to cite Cracking the Myan Code, Papers

Elevator History Essay Research Paper An elevator free essay sample

Elevator History Essay, Research Paper An lift is a mechanism for traveling people and cargo from degree to level in a edifice or any other construction. The first elevator-like construction was built in 236 BC by the Archimeds. This building was a hoist operated by ropes and blocks. However, the foremost matter-of-fact lift was non developed until the nineteenth century. Though reasonable, this lift has been modified many times throughout the class of history and is still updated with all of the new promotions in math and engineering. From the start of the production of lifts through today, there have been legion and boundless betterments made on their construction and how they operate: all due to the promotion of mathematics and engineering. The first lift developed was known as a manual lift. This system of lifts used relay logic. Relay logic was a simple wiring based on circuits. This type of lift did non reassign people from one degree to another, merely lading. The 2nd type of lifts was developed in the 1800s. These lifts were powered by steam. At first, these lifts were used entirely to transport cargo in mills and ore in mines. Unfortunately, these lifts required a safety device to keep the lift from dropping if it s back uping overseas telegram broke, and this had non been invented yet. Finally, this necessity was discerned and acted upon. In 1852, Elisha Graves Otis designed the first safety appliance for lifts. This device was a system affecting spring-operated Cams that affianced the usher rails in the lift shaft when the overseas telegram broke. This secured the lift from lessening which enabled steam powered lifts to be used for transporting people along with lading. This new usage was caused by the safeguards taken in bettering the safety of steam powered lifts. It was foremost used for people in 1857 in New York s ain Haughwout section shop. This building was driven by steam power: unlike the manual lift it had the capableness of transporting people from floor to floor. Though this was a major elaboration in the fabrication of lifts, engineering and mathematics were still bettering leting for even more types of ameliorated lifts to take the topographic point of those already produced. As mathematics advanced, the 3rd type of lifts was formulated. This being the hydraulic lift was the first practical lift with gloss to those of today s clip. The construct of fluid mechanicss is slightly based on Pascal s Law. This stated that force per unit area exerted upon a liquid is transmitted in all waies at the same magnitude. This was theorized sometime in the mid-17th century yet it s capableness of progressing and explicating engineering was non to the full accredited until the nineteenth century when hydraulic lifts were foremost introduced. Hydraulic lifts were used between 1857 and 1889. Operated by agencies of a perpendicular speculator, this lift traveled up and down a cylinder forcing and take downing the auto above it. The perpendicular speculator was reallocated by liquid under force per unit area. A hand-driven pump ( hydraulic doodly-squat ) created this force per unit area. The basic thought behind any hydraulic system is inordinately simple. Any force that is applied at one point is moved to another point utilizing an incompressible fluid ( either oil or H2O ) while the force is often multiplied in the procedure. The fluid used was most frequently oil. Oil was preferred over H2O because of its shielding and lubricating behaviour, and in the instance of mineral oil, its low coherency. Though the popular usage of hydraulic lifts ended in 1889, they are still used in prewar edifices. Furthermore, they are soon utilized in transporting certain heavy multitudes. Electrically driven lifts were devised before their initial commercial application in 1889. This presentation took topographic point in one of New York s finest edifices, the Demarest. For the first clip in all history, an electrically goaded lift was installed for the use of the populace. This genre of lift was operated by an electric motor. This motor drove a weaving membranophone in the cellar of the edifice. Following this, important promotions came approximately in 1894 and so another in 1895. First, in 1894, push-button controls were introduced. Like modern eleva tors, this innovation suffered people to merely force the button of the floor they were traveling to alternatively of holding to utilize a lever to find the floor ( by forcing it left or right for down and the antonym for up ) . The 2nd innovation ( 1895 ) was that of a hoisting setup. This device was ascertained in England. It s intent was to do the move of the overseas telegram membranophone to the top of the shaft possible, therefore taking to higher shafts in taller edifices. This mechanism applied electric power to a block at the top of the shaft. This caused the weight of the auto and counterbalances to guarantee grip ; doing its original intent imaginable. This patterned advance, along with that of the push-button controls were cardinal introductory elements for many fictions to come. In 1915, eleven old ages after the push-button controls, the first automatic system of commanding the lift s finish was applied. This system was called automatic auto grading. In this system, the control took over at each floor enabling the lift to halt uniformly with the floor degree. Soon after, the lift doors besides evolved. Their upgrading was due to an automatic system every bit good. However alternatively of modulating where the lift would discontinue its acclivity or descent, this automatic system artlessly controlled the gap and shutting of the lift doors at its preset floor. With all of these preferments, lift industries wanted to happen a manner of taking up less infinite while still taking advantage of all that has been accomplished throughout clip. In an effort to minimise the infinite taken by lift shafts in a edifice, the double-deck lift was constructed in 1932. Although this promotion was advanced and deserving of application, the double-deck lift was non used extensively until 1971. This lift s celebrated rejoinder was its installing into Chicago s salient Time-Life edifice ( 1971 ) . By this clip, lifts had immensely ameliorated, but there was still room for betterment. The following and most recent type of lift was developed in the twentieth century. The term constantly associated with this lift is automatic, hence its name ( Automatic Elevator ) . With this lift came the debut of a system called the solid province. This system works through computing machine french friess that are based on mathematics. The overseas telegram hoisted automatic lifts used today go up and down in a shaft. On each floor, the shafts have doors that open within. Above the lift shaft is a peculiarly important room that controls most of the lift s map. This room embodies an electric motor which administrates the of import responsibilities of an lift. This motor controls velocity, fillet, get downing, and change by reversaling. The steel overseas telegrams that uphold the auto are looped around a membranophone appended to the drive motor. As the capacity in the auto additions, the clasp that the overseas telegrams have on the membranophone go more tight. The bulk of contemporary lifts possess both interior and outer doors. To foster the safety of these lifts, they will run merely if both sets of doors are shut. In about all edifices, lifts contain photoelectric dispositions. These devices are used to maintain the doors from shuting while riders are come ining and go outing. These lifts are used all over the universe and have proved themselves to be a phenomenal ascent in the lift industry. From being operated by a manual or steam-powered device, to being lifted by overseas telegrams, lifts have proved in their ain promotions the noteworthy advancement of math and engineering. Based on the facts antecedently stated, one can detect that lifts have come imposingly far since the thought of a building to travel people and things from one degree to another came approximately. In a mere 250 old ages, people have gone from physically walking up a stairway to being lifted by a mechanical setup. Year after twelvemonth, systems have been technologically and mathematically amended to bring forth today s automatic lift. With each betterment, whether little or huge, lifts have become safer, easier to run, and quicker. If the contemporary lift was taken apart and compared to the first ( or back ) type of lift, it would be apparent what the patterned advance of mathematics and engineering have allowed us to carry through.

Futuristic Vibes Essays - English-language Films, Szd Speech

Futuristic Vibes Hi I think I say I cry For we can't see Or realize Our fate Not shown yet casted in slate The grown Don't even hesitate to ignore and wait to late for They see it as a chore too broad a subject to explore too set our ways too closed our doors to many days have come and gone not correcting what is wrong yet still life goes on Why do we learn to share as youths The truth we still don't see for you and me forgot it's trapped inside our thoughts not coming out not free to be about nothing i can say aloud but proud i will write no worry's of a fight not scared of the bite Greed to want not to need to bite the hand that feeds i want more demand don't pleed cut down the tree don't plant the seed how long until we see me i can't be the only one there are tons why don't they talk and walk the walk our length of time is unknown before the bomb will be blown and cast the shadow on every home then no issues to discuss no talk no fuss no trucks no bus no passion no lust no shine just rust just a faint gust of past how the humans did not last Neverending is time like a crime that plagues or mind tick tock we don't stop and think to be and feel the sea and the grass between our toes the fragrence to our nose why when it's time to die we try and absorb like we've never been here before time keeps us sore deep into the core more and more it will sink for we will never link the fact that time equals stress the crest of our attitudes all longitudes and latitudes a build up of filled up emotion it's time to meet the quotient Still we sit and wait to teach to late we can't convense ourselves just keep stacking on the shelves maybe even we try but it is that you have to pry for these or our lives but ignorence is bliss or is it this we will accept as we have left cancer to grow the hair to fro the boat to row the seas to flow until they flood upon our lands passed our sands into our hands a burrdon is placed tiss we were graced but thats erased shot into space a place we don't know scared we are of this the great obiss whats waiting for us to miss slowly we are hesitating this to me feels degrating why sit react procrastation killed the cat or something like that we dream of what we wish was fact like a shell not yet cracked why are we here comes a tear to my eye as if we are just a lie a small small peice of pie not to tall not to wide but still we are stuck inside the crust is flustered with the dust from our minds and time and greed and what we think we do not see and the way we only focus on whats presented to our imagination we can't wait too long lets make the wrong become the wrongs turn the wisper into a song for soon we will be gone until then life goes on... by, Matt McDaniel 1/10/2000

Human Resource Planning of the New Lounge with Asian Cuisine

Human Resource Planning of the New Lounge with Asian Cuisine Business concept The new lounge with Asian cuisine will focus on offering nutritious food and beverages to residents of Seattle, Washington. The establishment will specialize in a combination of upscale foods. The foodstuffs will comprise of rice, chilies, soy, salads, and certain recipes focusing on Asian cuisine.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Resource Planning of the New Lounge with Asian Cuisine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Based on its distinctive menu, the lounge will concentrate on a differentiation strategy, which will offer exclusive foods around Seattle, Washington. The keys to success for this lounge will be an ideal location and special Asian cuisine. A group of Asian investors in the region will own the business. The stakeholders will offer $50,000 capital investment. The additional $20,000 will be raised through a short-term loan from local banks.  Breaking into this market is expe cted to be a challenge. We expect to face competition from small and medium mobile food stalls spread across Seattle. The other competitors are restaurants and food kiosks that offer catering services. To gain a competitive advantage over our competitors, we will differentiate our products and services (Champniss, 2011). One major way of fulfilling the above is through value addition. As such, we plan to locate our business in Downtown Seattle. Here, the cost of renting space is significantly low. The cost saved in renting the premises will enable us to sell our services and products at lower prices compared to the prices charged by our competitors. By offering cheaper and quality services, we will eventually gain a competitive advantage in the market segment. Similarly, we will focus on improving the foods’ package to enhance their aesthetic appeal. All foods will be packed and served in impressive food packages designed to surpass our customers’ expectations. Through the above initiatives, they will be able to add value to its products and services and gain a competitive advantage over its rivals. The lounge will target clients who work or study in regions around the Seattle. According to the market insight, thousands of persons reside around Seattle and its environs. The number of these clients is expected to increase in the future (Dess Lumpkin, 2014).Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The main reason for positioning itself in this segment is that the business has the opportunity of incorporating new features to the existing service charter. They include online ordering of food services to cater to the changing demands and needs of the targeted customers. The vibrant tourism, efficient transport, increased government expenditure, and improved trade in the region imply that the business will be favorable and convenien t to many individuals (Cone, 2011). An increase in government expenditure means that there is more money in circulation, and more people can afford to enjoy the food services at our lounge.  The lounge will also adopt an all-inclusive marketing and advertising promotions. Social media such as Twitter and Facebook are currently the most utilized platforms, and we will exploit them positively to reach more customers in the city of Washington and its environs. The above will not only control losses but also give an accurate record of sales and projections. The advent of computer scanners at retail checkout counters means that the supply of our business will be accompanied with the proper technology. The above will ensure strategic product positioning in the dynamic Washington market. With technological advancements, we will always be ready to adopt innovations in our services to ensure that they remain relevant in the business field. Through social media, we will encourage more poten tial clients to access our services. The social media will also enable us to interact with potential clients to understand their expectations (Farris, 2010). Every year, the business must adopt new entertainment technologies to be ahead of its rivals. Similarly, we plan to form alliances with restaurant chains and kiosks, as well as with event organizers and corporate offices to capture market share. By doing so, we will be able to increase our source of income. HR management plan Organization chart, management team, and employee positions The organizational structure of the hotel displays a divisional corporate order. The divisional order is predominant service sections of the lounge. The sections include housekeeping segment, food and beverage segment, concierge segment, and front desk management. For instance, the big segments of the enterprise are separated into semi-autonomous bodies. The smaller segments are apportioned to a specific field of service. Every semi-autonomous seg ment has a group head. As such, the group head is selected as the management officer of that specific segment. At the top of the hierarchy is the hotel manager. The present-day economic conditions in the hotel industry are characterized by increased competition.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Human Resource Planning of the New Lounge with Asian Cuisine specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this regard, the lounge will adopt the above organizational structure to save on the cost of operation. The organizational structure has many advantages. Through this structure, every section functions effectively for the reason that they are centered on certain precise task. By doing so, the bank has been able to enhance the output of every section. Below is a figure showing the organizational chart of the lounge. The hotel manager manages the overall undertakings like hiring and making financial arrangements. The assista nt manager acts on behalf of the general manager in his or her absence. The junior manager reports to the overall manager. Since the lounge operates on 24 hours basis, an evening shift administrator will be required to night operations. A supervisor directs every functional group. The supervisor reports to the general manager. Fig 1: Organizational chart of the lounge Compensation and benefits Present financial situations in the hotel sector are characterized by increased operating costs (Collins Ewing, 2012). Recruitment and hiring of new employees contribute to the rise in operating costs. Therefore, the lounge will adopt a competitive reward scheme to reduce the employee turnover. Expecting to be among the top Asian cuisines in Seattle, the lounge’s reward systems are expected to be competitive. As such, the hotel’s reward scheme is expected to indicate the individuals to be awarded and the reason behind the rewards. The practice will enhance individual performanc e and general firm outcomes. The reward scheme balances with the organization’s culture. Policies and processes for attracting, motivating, and retaining employees Attracting, inspiring, and retaining skilled workforce is significant and often challenging for todays businesses. Appropriate staffing measures will aid the hotel intensify the satisfaction of its workers, reduce recruiting costs, and increase the hotel’s productivity.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The hotel should offer a positive working environment for its staff. Through this, the lounge will be able to attract and retain qualified workers. A positive work environment enables the employees to undertake their roles without challenges. Thus, the productivity of the lounge will increase. Similarly, the business should identify, compensate, and support the right behavior to attract and retain a competent workforce. Through this, the worker’s morale will be boosted. By involving and engaging the employees, the hotel will be able to motivate its workforce. As such, individuals are more dedicated and involved if they are allowed to add their thoughts and proposals towards the improvement of the business. Equally, the hotel should adopt fun in the workplace to motivate the employees. The initiative will enable the employees develop a positive staff culture, boost their morale and motivation, and enhance employer and employee relationship. Likewise, the approach will improve teamwork, boost employee satisfaction, help attract and retain the best people, and improve customer satisfaction. The initiative will also enhance creativity and problem solving, resolve conflict and difficult issues, and augment productivity and performance. Making ethical decisions For effective operation and ethical decisions, the lounge will adhere to required code of ethics. To prevent conflicts between the hotel and the law, the lounge will formulate and implement an appropriate ethical culture (Ferrell Fraedrich, 2014). The code of ethics will articulate the accepted standards. To achieve this, the lounge will be required to strengthen ethical culture and promote an ethical workforce within the executive branch. Similarly, the code of ethics will be used to institutionalize ethics within the firm. The code of ethics will illustrate a broad value system of an organization, describe the organization’s principles, and detail guidelines for decision making that are in ac cordance with these principles. Thereafter, the general manager should ensure that the code of ethics is implemented and adhered to at all time. Adhering to the code of ethics is very important to the lounge because it will reduce unethical practices. Unethical practices affect the morale of employees. Ethical wrongdoings have the potential to harm the lounge’s associations with customers, clients, shareholders, and suppliers. Managing diversity The new lounge just like other global hotel ought to uphold diversity. Through this, all employees and the management team should change the way they think, perform, and innovate. By embracing diversity management, the lounge will reap the benefits associated with diversity’s and reduce the potential hurdles like preconceptions that can weaken the operation of a diverse workforce (Volberda, 2012). Diversity in the hotel will be exhibited through the workers’ dissimilarities and similarities. The above implies that managi ng diversity will involve not only the management of race, ethnic, or gender, issue but also other complicated issues that bring out the differences of the employees. Some programs will be implemented to improve diversity in the workplace. Therefore, a management team will ensure that they offer strong leadership, evaluate the situation, offer diversity-teaching programs, transform culture, and evaluate the existing diversity administration programs.  Similarly, the lounge should also train its workforce about the importance of diversity. During the training, employees and the managers will be taught to recognize diversity mixtures in their departments. In doing so, the managers will be able to identify themselves with these features in their departments. Equally, managers should be taught how to scrutinize the mixtures and their associated pressures. Similarly, the training will inform managers on how to choose a suitable response. Through this training, they will be able to eval uate all the available alternatives. Likewise, hotel managers will come up with policies that encourage relationship among the employees. Through building relationship among the employees, the managers will enable the employees to understand and appreciate each other’s social, religious, or racial background (Wood, 2013). The above can be achieved by offering the employees with regular seminars, workshops, and other social events. Through this, they will get to know one another better enhancing mutual respect. Equally, human resource managers should foster mutual adaptation in the workplace to end issues related to religious mixtures. Through this initiative, every employee will be required to adjust his or her religious doctrines for the benefit of developing an appropriate work environment suitable for all religious groups. Evaluating performance To enhance the performance of the employees, the lounge’s executives will implement performance measurement strategies. Th e lounge will adopt quality and time performance measures. Quality performance measure will assess the value of the services rendered by the employees (Kreitner Cassidy, 2012). Equally, time performance will assess the period taken by the employees to render their services. To enhance the efficiency of the performance measures, the hotel will undertake the above assessment regularly.  Changes in performance measures and requirements related to enhancing the competency-base of workers to meet global requirements will also be monitored. Therefore, the hotel will implement a culture of accountability. Similarly, they will focus on results. When goals and visions are brought into line with organizational accountabilities, the administration can hold employees answerable for their tasks. Equally, performance measures will encourage workers to accomplish the lounge’s goals, missions, and objectives. Planning succession Appropriate succession planning measure will be put in place to recognize and develop internal staff with the possibility to fill vacancy positions in the hotel. The process is the most efficient and appropriate way of filling organization’s vacancies. Through this approach, the hotel will reduce its recruitment costs and orientation training expenses and time. The approach will offer employees with abilities to advance their career through regular training. As a result, employees will progressively develop and advance their careers. Through career advancement, workers’ morale will be enhanced enabling them to dispense their knowledge and capabilities effectively. Equally, by improving on the workforce’s morale the hotel will increase its productivity leading to an increase in returns. Ensuring a safe and non-discriminatory work environment In any organization, upholding safe and non-discriminatory work environment is considered a major management problem. The hotel will adopt appropriate organizational culture to addres s the issue. As such, organization culture determines how organizational members interact with each other. Appropriate organizational culture will minimize conflicts (Siegel, 2015). Usually, conflicts arise from personal differences or responsibility differences. Exceptional features of workplace setup also influence the conflicts. The features comprise of the stretched hours employees people spend in their workplace, the hierarchical arrangement of the business corporations, and financial or emotional the difficulties. The lounge’s executive will also ensure that the work environment is safe. Workplace accidents are a major concern to hotels’ managers and their workers. More often, accidents result from wet flows, spills, and sharp cutleries. In the lounge, managers and safety managers will supervise safety responsibilities. They will be required to ensure that the safety requirements of the employees and the clients are fulfilled. They will also ensure that appropria te systems are put in place to enable employees verify safety hazards. Similarly, the officials will ensure that all safety measures are upheld. References Champniss, G. (2011). Brand valued: how socially valued brands hold the key to a sustainable future and business success. Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley. Collins, H., Ewing, K. D. (2012). Labour law. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Cone, S. (2011). Steal these ideas: Marketing secrets that will make you a star. New York, NY: John Wiley Sons. Dess, G., Lumpkin, G. (2014). Strategic management: Creating competitive advantages (7thed.). Boston: McGraw-Hill/Irwin. Farris, P. (2010). Marketing metrics: The definitive guide to measuring marketing performance (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: FT Press. Ferrell, O., Fraedrich, J. (2014). Business ethics: ethical decision making and cases. San Francisco: Cengage learning. Kreitner, R., Cassidy, C. (2012). Management (12th ed.). Boston: Houghton Mifflin. Siegel, D. (2015). S pecial Issue of Strategic Organization. Strategic Organization Journal, 13(2), 163-165. Volberda, H. (2012). Strategic Flexibility Creating Dynamic Competitive Advantages. Oxford Handbooks Online, 14(3), 23-34. Wood, M. (2013). The marketing plan: A handbook. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

Freedom Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Freedom - Article Example veloping informants is finding legal sophisticated ways and strategies to recruit counterspy rather than promising good incentive packages regarding the quantity and quality of information given by involuntary informants (Baumann 1). As the director of FBI, there is need of monitoring and promoting integrity of all law officers in order to curb cases of fraud and to ensure transparency of all activities within the FBI unit so as to earn public trust and enable citizens to facilitate the FBI with information against criminals and terrorist. Another method would be to deploy undercover officers to investigate about criminals and this ought to be the best measure in knowing about their planning activities and making it easy in tracking them down. When developing informants, the best method would be to carry out interviews, assessments and training to interested candidates so as to avoid forcing people to mole information against their will especially to their families and communities Naji Masour had legal rights to hire his own attorney and if not present, he would have been appointed one to represent him. He had a fundamental right to plea of his innocence until proven guilty by a court of law. The last legal right that he had was to be subjected to a public hearing unlike where he was being prosecuted in a private detention. The writ of habeas corpus would have been the best likelihood for the accused to state whether the incarceration was against the constitutional right and if found true, this would make Naji Masour to be released by court. Boumediene v. Bush would have been suitable to Naji Masour for him to get a fair hearing from courts of his home country. The accused would have been deported to his country to face trial and detention if proven guilty. Relationship spyware technologies are resulting into safe and easy methods of detecting spouse unfaithfulness in committing acts of adultery; the effect of this leads to domestic violence between couples,

Literature review including a research methodology, Objectives and Dissertation

Literature review including a research methodology, Objectives and research. Tobic (Internationalization) - Dissertation Example The University of Bradford is one organization that seeks to go the international way as a way of expanding its market share with the added advantage of increasing its profits among other benefits. However, there is a high risk associated with the internationalization of organizations evident in the number of organizations that have failed in the process. Some of the main challenges associated with internationalization is the complexity of the process of going international, the high costs involved and the complexity of managing internationalized entities. Objectives of the Study 1. To determine how feasible it is for the University of Bradford to internationalize 2. To determine the key issues that the University of Bradford will have to deal with in its internationalization 3. To establish the best strategy that the University of Bradford can adopt to successfully go through the internationalization process Research questions In achieving the objectives of this study, a number of q uestions will have to be answered. The following are the research questions for this project. 1. How feasible it is for the University of Bradford to internationalize? 2. What are the key issues that the University of Bradford will have to deal with in its internationalization process? 3. What strategies can the University of Bradford adopt in its bid to go through the internationalization process? 4. ... Reasons behind the Internationalization of Organizations Most economies thrive on the notion of imports and exports. Penetration into the foreign market is one of the major reasons why firms are venturing into internalization (Taylor, Walker and Beaverstock, 2002). In the 21st century, a lot of firms and businesses have been involved in international markets. Companies have been looking for ways to maximise their productivity and profitability by tapping into markets other the ones in their own home base of operations. There are different theories that have been formulated to explain the increase in international activities among different firms all across the world (Gankema, Snuif and Zwart, 2000). The absolute cost advantage is an internationalization theory that propagates the idea that institutions and firms should specialize in those products in which they have a sure advantage. This theory was popularised by Adam Smith and it implies that if a company can make a product without having to spend a lot in terms of costs per production unit (Welch and Welch, 1996). This view supports the idea that companies that have a comparative advantage do not have to have an absolute advantage to prosper in a market. Companies therefore internationalize so as to gain from comparative advantage (Taylor, Walker and Beaverstock, 2002). The prospects of new markets are another major driving force for internationalization. Internationalization opens up many opportunities for business, big and small. Advances in technology have led to the development of production techniques which ensure that companies can mass produce (Vahlne and Nordstrom, 1993). As a result, many of these companies have ventured into the international scene in search of new markets in which to sell

Internet And Its Impact On Globalization Media Essay

Internet And Its Impact On Globalization Media Essay The expansion of telecommunication or the Information and telecommunication technology (ICT) is the outcome of the microelectronic revolution which has created channels for the process of monitoring and processing of the information. It has become more pervasive than the radio and the television in todays globalised world. Incontestably now Internet has gained the position of the worlds largest electronic network. The debate is still going on regarding the origin of the Internet as some says that its origin was way back in late 1960s by the United States Department of Defence which created Arpanet (which was invented for a nuclear blitz.) There are others who oppose its origin in the United States by the Department of Defence. In 1984 Arpanet was expanded and opened to the scientific community when it was taken over by the National Science Foundation, transmogrifying into NSFNET, which linked five supercomputers by a variety of private access system.  [1]  As according to the Ex- Director General of WTO, Roberto Ruggiero, Internet provided cheaper faster and easier method of communication, an alternative that has created, global audience. According to Thomas Friedman, in his book The world is flat states, Earlier one has to go to the post offices to send mails and other things but now, it is just a game of seconds that we sent mails and it reaches there the more accurately and with speed.  [2]   Internet is the major provider of information as what the various Internet companies like America Online (AOL), CompuServe etc allows individual to connect with the Internet with just modem to plug in. The capabilities of the Internet are such that we can define it as bidirectional mode of mass communication. It has created a kind of word of mouth networks in which individuals share their opinions, views, expressions and the cyber world gives them enough space for this bidirectional means of communication. Internet which is so much blossomed into this globalised world is also the result of the telecommunication or existing telephones, fiber-optics and satellite systems, was made possible by the technological innovation of packet switching, in which the individual messages are decomposed, transmitted by various channels, and then reassembled, virtually instantaneously, at their destination.  [3]   I, in this paper is taking up the issue of Internet and its impact on the globalisation from the (global) business standpoint and also bring into the socio economic effect and also the cyber crime that is taking place into the cyber world. And also tries to bring into it the digital divide . The growth of Internet in last few years has flabbergasted the most exhausted or lacklustre economy. Before starting with the whole oratory I would like to give a brief explanation on how Internet has its importance in the field of business and also into other fields. I would emphasise onto the importance of Internet as a means of Information and communication technology and also as means by which the whole world is getting connected 24 hours a day. Much of the Internet is used for the private as well as for the commercial purposes many uses them for simple source of entertainment. Although the dominant ideologies sustained largely outside the Internet, the growing communities of the cybercitizen s Netizens brings the views and expressions of people together and cyberspace give them the opportunity to express. As Hauben and Hauben (1997) refer to as Netizens: Net Citizens. It has created its own terminology in its own world such as search engines like google.com; Wikipedia .com etc. I would also like to include here that in the present world as we talk about Globalisation which is a growing phenomenon and that can be described as a shift towards a more integrated and interdependent world economy'(Hill 1997) However, the history of the term globalisation is not very new. After the world war in 1980s the West claimed that there is an end of the history. George. W. Bush the then, President of the United States said, countries would cooperate peacefully as participants in one worldwide market, pursuing their interests while sharing commitments to basic human values. The debate into the globalisation is still going on as some some defined it as the Americanisation, of the world t hrough mechanisms like WTO, IMF, and Mc Donalds all backed up by US power. In simple terms it is a process of interaction and integration among the people, companies and governments of different nations, a process driven by the international trade and aided by information technology(Carnegie endowment) The term globalisation is defined in simple terms as advance of human cooperation across national boundaries but can also be defined as for the self interest and also for the global cooperation. Fukuyama has defined globalisation as modernisation. However there is still a debate which is going on about the different views of globalisation and are put forth that the globalisation is just a historical development or a myth? As David Held argues, Globalisation helds to deepening, widening and speedening up of world in all aspects of contemporary social life. According to the American Heritage, Globalisation is the act, process or policy of making something worldwide in scope or applicati on. However if I talk about the Internet and its impact on Globalisation from the global business point of view which is the topic of the paper then the first I would like to emphasise over the use of the Internet in global business under the regime of globalisation. The Internet is growing at the rate of 30% per annum in number of users, and 100 % cent per annum in hosts on Internet. It is expected that by then of the year 2000, the user base will touch 200 million. It is estimated that there are 7000 ISPs worldwide, mostly in the US. In fact more than 60 percent of the users and ISPs in the Internet world are in the US (Sinha 1999).  [4]   If I talk about ISPs in India then, India has the first dial-up e-mail network was set up between National Centre for Software Technology (NCST) and the Indian Institute of Technology (IIT Bombay) in 1986, followed by connections to the US and Europe. In 1994, a satellite communication network for the Education and Research Network (ERNET) w as set up with the assistance from the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) and National Informatics Centre (NIC) opened the gates for Internet gates to software exporting companies and government agencies as well. And in August 1995, Videsh Sanchar Nigam Limited (VSNL) introduced commercial Internet access in India.  [5]   If I look into the impact of the Internet on globalisation from business standpoint then I must first see that how the globalisation has changed the face of the business and make it internalisation of the business or trade and bring it into lot of ways. Leading market research firms have predicted that business-to- consumer retail commerce over the Internet, though amounting to almost nothing as late as 1995, will continue to grow at an astonishing pace and may exceed $100 billion by 2003 (McQuivey et.al., 1998) (I 1.pp1)* With the coming of Internet the new technology has grown up in the field of Information and technology is another accelerator for the mechanism of the Globalisation into the global business. And also if I look into it from the global economic perspective then can say that it also includes the WTO and the GATT agreements which includes the security of the data available at the Internet regarding the business and also for the other related issues. If I look into the trade in globalisation from the Information and communication point of view then before the internet the business was not on that exploring and expanding way as it is now after the introduction of Internet. There were just locals into the locals and the concept of global was there but not on large terms because the cost of making business was very high as the telecommunication charges were high as well as very few business opportunities were introduced, or I can say that the Internet has transformed the business from traditional supply chain to the electronic supply chain. Traditional Supply Chain Electronic Supply Chain 1.Electronic Data Exchange through telephone or fax Internet made it easy. 2.Long term Relationship Technology enabled relationships. 3. New Business opportunities were not there as the concept of on-line trading was not introduced. However in electronic supply chain it is very easy to access to increase the global interaction with people through various means of telecommunication 4. Management cost is also very high as for the maintenance of the data. Less Expensive. With the introduction of Internet in Global Commerce the business activities becomes fast. Accessibility to the data is available at anywhere anytime in any part of the world. Internet can be said as the fertile ground for the companies. During 1990s there has been an explosive increase in the presence of the company websites on the Internet, and an increasing sophistication in the ways that companies use the Internet for sales, public affairs, marketing and stakeholders relations.  [6]  Most of the dominant literature on the Internet is dominated by the prevalent discussion that puts Internet as a medium of business. Eg: A person in US wants to purchase a carpet from India, by giving order online on a website can easily purchase it. So Internet in one sense has made the global into local. As rightly defined by Mr.Clinton in 1997, new frontier for business, and no less a figure than the US President has described the internet as the Wild West of the global economy .  [7]  The companies made their corporate websites onto the Internet and retain the services of public relation firms for the services of the customers. It plays a role of the vehicle for the running of trade on Internet and also it provides a wider space too. The internet is no-space or a headspace, in which physical movement from site to site can only be described in terms of difference of experience (Mizrach 1997, italics in original).  [8]  The construction of the cyberspace on Internet is another issue for the cyber discourse. Bell and Valentine argues that, this may involve the appropriation of spatial concepts at scales ranging from the body to the global.  [9]  By this the companies target their consumers or their prejudices. Today the Internet industry has widened the scope of the business by providing its services a over the globe and at affordable and 24/7. The changing demographics of the Global economy states about the world output as, United States was the dominant industrial power in the early 1960s. It consists of 40% of the total world output in 1968 but 20% in 1997.  [10]   However the critique of the Internet into the global world is that while Internet Backbone Providers (IBPs), also called core providers, exchanged traffic at NAPs under so- called public peering agreements, smaller companies, ISPs, accessed the Internet via backbones. With increasing utilisation of the Internet these public NAPs became susceptible to congestion, resulting in delays and dropped packets. In consequences, large backbones began to directly interconnect with each other through so called private peering arrangements and started to charge transit fees for providing interconnection to private providers.  [11]   Downstream providers collect money at the edge of the Internet and buy connectivity from upstream ISPs or from backbones. However many authors has showed their concern about the concentration and market power in the core network. The problem has its source in 1997 when, starting with UUNET, top-tired IBPs began to refuse to peer with smaller backbone providers and to exclusively peer among each other under so-called non-disclosure agreements which means that peering conditions are kept secret. However , Milgrom and Mitchell and Srinagesh counter these concerns by arguing that a hierarchichally built Internet with a smaller number of core providers is cost effective since it is minimise both the routing and transaction cost.  [12]  This is very much helpful in business as it is cost effective and is provided at the affordable prices and also at the cheaper rates. Internet has removed the physical distances by bringing the world together not only in commerce but also in every sphere. Though it removes the geographical boundaries, it can be used as a tool for gathering the information as it can be indeed used as type of superhighway that connects a number of established networks with the individual system  [13]  , and can be used as a resource of obtaining incredible amount of information. With the Introduction of the Internet into the business a businessman can check the current position of the business anywhere and anytime around the world which was of course not possible earlier. As with the introduction of the various technological instruments like cellular phones, laptops etc and also with the innovative technologies like 3G and all in which the access of the information is just a click away. With chatting onto the internet Live or by emailing or by the current statics which is available online to the consumer s well as trade both can be benefitted. By using Internet as a tool it is easy to work all together as a wide network. As the information which is available on the internet can be trusted also but the debate is still going on this issue as some says that the information available can be trusted while the others say that it can be hacked over and the data can be misused and accessed for the private purposes. It has made the global business to become possible because for the smaller business it was not possible to go global before the internet but now it is possible by the way of online trading which leads to the internationalisation of the business. However the global digital divide has also expanded. As the Internet developed unevenly throughout the world, creating what has become known as the global digital divide. The number of Internet users is one of the most widely used indicatiors of development of this emerging medium of communication. Less than 10 %cent of the worlds population uses the Internet, and the gap between the developed and the developing countries has continued to widen since the early 1990s.(Figure.)* Statistics compiled by the International Telecommunication Union as of the end 2002 indicates that the Internet use as a proportion of the population ranges from less than one percent in many underdeveloped African, Central American and South Asian countries to between 50 and 60 % cent in Iceland, the United states, Scandinavia, Singapore or South Korea.  [14]   I would like to say that this is the major difference or demarcation which brings the digital divide into the world accessibility over the Internet. As the world which is underdeveloped cannot use the wide networks of the internet which brings commerce, communication and interaction with other parts of the world this still continues the topic for the debate into the globalised world. Global capalist forces generates profound inequalities between the developed core, the developing semi-periphery, and the underdeveloped periphery.  [15]   The most replicated finding into the literature is the communication media is that it is been used by people of the higher socioeconomic status. A long tradition of research in media studies conforms the so-called knowledge gap hypothesis.  [16]   It reflects that people of the higher status can use the internet at any cost however those who belong to the lower socio economic status cannot use it as frequently as can by the higher status. But statistics shows that it is increasing with the variety of empirical studies of the global digital divide using aggeregate data have found evidence to the effect that the average standard of living and the average educational level in the country- arguably the analogs of socioeconomic status of the individual level- are strong predictor of Internet use. Using individual level data gatheref in 24 countries, Chen, Bose and Wellman (2002) also found a strong correlation between socioeconomic status and Internet use.  [17]   This reflects th e digital divide that is prevailing into the globalised world. With such global digital divide the global trade is not possible upto certain extent because with this only a certain part of a world which is globalised and developed can access the commerce as well as all the benefits of the Internet and use it on their own terms and conditions. If I talk about the Global business through Internet then online trading is another fact that is taking place such as: amazon.com; reddiff.com; eBay. in etc. For online business, parties must be prepared to use the necessary technology. Organisation find themselves more easy to access the information about the consumers and contact them, and consumers can also access the information about their account online, many banks have also started online trading such as in India State Bank of India started the online trading through which a consumer can access the information about the transaction at any time and from anywhere. I would like to say that internet or the Information and communication technology has empowered the consumers to do everything and anything they need and want to know and to search for, they can compare the prices online and can bid over that. Internet also brings more transparency into the market and global customer will also increasing because of this and also their demands increases. Internet is a part of the institutionally complex, economically important, tightly regulated and highly politicised telecommunication sector. National telecommunication system and markets differs in their reach, quality and cost, which in turn are affected by the way in which regulation takes place, the ownership of companies active in the sector, and the intensity of competition. It is important to note that the competition can translate not only into lower prices (or costs of access and use to the user) but also in more service differentiation, choice and quality. Thus, policymaking in this area tends to have a large impact on the various dimensions of media access and use.  [18]   I can say on that policies are been made and regulated by the telecommunication department and it depends upon the accessibility of the consumer which policy is been accessed by them and it absolutely depend upon the family income of the consumer which plan or the policy is been accessed by them. The re are political conditions also which effects on the growth of the communication media, different social behaviour and the social relationships will leads to the different field of communication. It also depend upon their social circle as what various social networking sites like facebook.com; twitter.com; orkut.com do and tries to explore various new contacts which is beyond the existing. The growth of the internet worldwide is not just only because of the socio-economic status or its cost effectiveness but also the political and the sociological variables and also resources through which it is available to the whole world but also results and data shows that the digital divide is also prevailing into the world through which the whole worlds accessibility to the internet is not possible. If I talk about the impact of the internet in globalisation which is the topic of this paper from business standpoint is like when the other part of the world is not able to access the internet an d not able to get information regarding the online trading and commerce, it is another ongoing debate which is still prevailing into the global society. The Impact of Internet onto the Globalisation with the business standpoint states the competitiveness that has emerged into the global trading as the markets are openly accessed by the consumers have the choices to demand more. As the access to the internet is made possible for the people of the highly socioeconomic background is more than the access of the socially poor people shows the divide into the internet world and also its cost efficiency doesnt work into the world which does not have access to the Internet e.g: the developing world, which have less access into the internet cannot avail these opportunities as these are only available to the people of the developed world such as United States and the European countries. However internet has impacted the way in which services were offered and delivered. The relationship between the customer and the firm becomes more insidious here. The impact of the internet on globalisation is such that it also brings the concept of plagiarism and various other cyber crimes such as, eg: a book or an article is been written by an author is available online and someone has copied it from the book and use it by his or her name without giving reference is a matter of plagiarism. Secondly the server access is although possible to each and everybody through computers and unique IP (Internet Protocol) address through which we can browse the internet but there are few who hack the servers and use it according to their individual purposes. For which various measures are been taken by the Government of various countries and various regulatory measures are also been made but not implemented in the way it should be it also a topic of debate in this globalised world. Though servers can also be used to deny the service that has to be delivered. The government in order to control the cyber crime that has increased and still increasing, according to the Statistics of the US FBI, Incidents of the American Internet networks being broken i nto are rapidly increasing by 30% annually, making the US suffer tremendously.  [19]   The impact of the internet into the globalisation is been discussed into this seminar paper on the fields of global business, digital divide, socio-economic status, security and also the cybercrime. All these need a regulatory measure and its implications. Hegemonic uses of the Net include commercial applications, (Weis 1992; Cronin 1996) particularly advertising and shopping but also purchasing and marketing, in addition to uses by public agencies that legitimate and sustain existing ideologies and politics as normal, necessary, or natural.  [20]   However, the Internet also faces the counter hegemonic discourses, as all groups does not favour the use the use of the internet in all spheres of life. They refuse to accept the ideologies of those who believe to go with the opinion of the general public. Conclusion: In the entire oratory of Impact of Internet on Globalisation from a business standpoint, a global business is missing or been treated as business only through the developed part of the world. This crisis is constructed into the light of the digital divide especially when we are talking into the terms of e commerce or e trade or e business. However in my course of going through the reports and scholarly articles and books, I came to the conclusion that e business or e trade is possible only through the Internet but if this is not available to the developing countries and also because of the socio economic gap as only those can afford who have wealth and not to those who dont have. One more point can be added here as education or knowledge. Computer literacy can also become important criteria for internet knowledge. As Young argued that, Internet is both complex as well as easy and through Internet crosses the geographical and political divides and also it brings separation between pub lic and private social spaces and places. Once the Internet is opened it should be used as a tool through which information can be gathered and it should not used as an objective. And State should try to overcome with the challenges such as cyber literacy, and also to bridge the digital divide between the developed and the under developing world. Thus, we can conclude with the note that the impact of internet on the globalisation has both the negative as well as the positive impact as also the view of the critiques states the same, I through this paper would hope for the better policy and strategy by the idea and emergence of global village to tackle the problems which are prevailing into the world and must be isolated so that the entire world can access the Internet and business can help the developing countries also to come up from the state of under developed to the state of developed and also the hegemony of the e-trade must break from the hands of the developed countries.

Economics- Asean

History of ASEAN: ASEAN was originally formed out of an organization called the Association of Southeast Asia (ASA), an alliance consisting of the Philippines, Malaysia, and Thailand that formed in 1961. As such, ASA is considered the predecessor to ASEAN. The Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is a political and economic organization of countries located in Southeast Asia. ASEAN was formed on August 8, 1967 by the Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, as a display of solidarity against Communist expansion in Vietnam and insurgency within their own borders. ASEAN itself was established on August 8, 1967, when foreign ministers of five countries— Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand met at the Thai Department of Foreign Affairs building in Bangkok and signed the ASEAN Declaration (also known as the Bangkok Declaration). The five foreign ministers, considered the organization's Founding Fathers, were Adam Malik of Indonesia, Narciso R. Ramos of the Philippines, Tun Abdul Razak of Malaysia, S. Rajaratnam of Singapore, and Thanat Khoman of Thailand. The founding fathers envisaged that the organization would eventually encompass all countries in Southeast Asia. Brunei Darussalam became the sixth member of the ASEAN when it joined on January 8, 1984, barely a week after the country became independent on January 1. It would be a further 11 years before ASEAN expanded from its core six members. Vietnam became the seventh member—and the first Communist member of ASEAN—on July 28, 1995, and Laos and Myanmar joined two years later in July 23, 1997. Cambodia was to have joined the ASEAN together with Laos and Myanmar, but was deferred due to the country's internal political struggle. Cambodia later joined on April 30, 1999, following the stabilization of its government. Thus was completed the ASEAN-10 —the organization of all countries in Southeast Asia. The ASEAN region has a population of about 500 million, a total area of 4. 5 million square kilometers, a combined gross domestic product of almost US$ 700 billion, and a total trade of about US$ 850 billion. Members of ASEAN: Member Countries | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Brunei Darussalam |Cambodia |Indonesia |Laos |Malaysia | | | | | | | |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] |[pic] | |Myanmar |Philippines |Singapore |Thailand |Vietnam | The ASEAN was founded by five states, mostly from maritime Southeast Asia: the Philippines, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore and Thailand. The British protectorate of Brunei joined the ASEAN six days after the country became independent f rom the United Kingdom on January 8, 1984. The mainland states of Vietnam, Laos and Myanmar were later admitted. Vietnam joined the ASEAN on July 28, 1995. Laos and Myanmar were admitted into the ASEAN on July 23, 1997. Cambodia became the newest member when it was admitted on April 30,1999. The Melanesian state of Papua New Guinea has observer status in the ASEAN. East Timor on the other hand is expected to formally apply for full membership at the 2006 39th Annual Ministerial Meeting of ASEAN Foreign Ministers in Kuala Lumpur. The association includes about 8% of the world's population and in 2003 it had a combined GDP of about USD$700 billion, growing at an average rate of around 4% per annum. The economies of member countries of ASEAN are diverse, although its major products include electronics, petroleum, and wood. The ASEAN countries are culturally rich. It includes more Muslims than any other geopolitical entity. About 240 million Muslims live mostly in Indonesia, Malaysia and Brunei. Buddhism constitutes the main religion of mainland Southeast Asia and there are about 170 million Buddhists in Thailand, Myanmar, Laos, Cambodia, Vietnam and Singapore. Roman Catholicism is predominant in the Philippines. Through the Bali Concord 11 in 2003, Asean has subscribed to the notion of democratic peace, which means all member countries believe democratic processes will promote regional peace and stability. Also the non-democratic members all agreed that it was something all member states should aspire to. Objectives of ASEAN: The ASEAN Declaration states that the aims and purposes of the Association are: (1) To accelerate economic growth, social progress and cultural development in the region and 2) To promote regional peace and stability through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law in the relationship among countries in the region and adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES ASEAN Member Countries have adopted the followi ng fundamental principles in their relations with one another: †¢ Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity, and national identity of all nations; †¢ The right of every State to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion; †¢ Non-interference in the internal affairs of one another; †¢ Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful manner; †¢ Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and †¢ Effective cooperation among themselves. General information of ASEAN: Members |[pic]  Brunei | | |[pic]  Cambodia | | |[pic]  Indonesia | | |[pic]  Laos | | |[pic]  Malaysia | | |[pic]  Myanmar | | |[pic]  Philippines | | |[pic]  Singapore | | |[pic]  Thailand | | |[pic]  Vietnam | |Seat of Secretariat |Jakarta | |Secretary General |Ong Keng Yong | |Area |4,480,000 km2 | |Population | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Total  (2004) |592,000,000 | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Density |122. 3 peop le/km? | |GDP (2003) | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Total |$2. 72 trillion (PPP) | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Total |$681 billion (Nominal) | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ GDP/capita |$4,044 (PPP) | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ GDP/capita |$1,267 (Nominal) | |Formation |Bangkok Declaration | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Signed | | | | | | |  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ 8 August 1967 | |Currencies |Bruneian Dollar (BND), | | |Rupiah (IDR), Riel (KHR), | | |Kip (LAK), Kyat (MMK), | | |Ringgit (MYR), Peso (PHP), | | |Singapore Dollar (SGD), | | |Baht (THB), Dong (VND) | The ASEAN Summit: The organization holds annual meetings in relation to economic, and cultural development of Southeast Asian countries. The ASEAN Leaders' Formal Summit was first held in Bali, Indonesia in 1976. At first there was no set schedule due to domestic issues in the member countries. In 1992, leaders decided to hold meetings every three years; and in 2001 it was decided to meet annually to address urgent issues affecting the region. Member nations were assigned to be the summit host in alphabetical order except in the case of Myanmar which dropped its 2006 hosting rights in 2004 due to pressure from the United States and the european union. The formal summit meets for three days. The usual itinerary is as follows: ? ASEAN leaders hold an internal organization meeting. ASEAN leaders hold a conference together with foreign ministers of the ASEAN Regional Forum. ? Leaders of 3 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN+3) namely China, Japan and South Korea hold a meeting with the ASEAN leaders. ? A separate meeting is set for leaders of 2 ASEAN Dialogue Partners (also known as ASEAN-CER) namely Australia an d New-Zealand. At the 11th ASEAN Summit in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, new meetings were scheduled. ? East Asia Summit – converging ASEAN and six dialogue partners namely China, Japan, South Korea, Australia, New Zealand and India. ? ASEAN-Russia Summit – meeting between ASEAN leaders and the President of Russia. ASEAN Formal Summit | |Number |Date |Country |Place | |1st |1976 February 23 – February 24 |[pic]  Indonesia |Bali | |2nd |1977 August 4 – August 5 |[pic]  Malaysia |Kuala Lumpur | |3rd |1987 December 14 – December 15 |[pic]  Philippines |Metro Manila | |4th |1992 January 27 – January 29 |[pic]  Singapore |Singapore | |5th |1995 December 14 – December 15 |[pic]  Thailand |Bangkok | |6th |1998 December 15 – December 16 |[pic]  Vietnam |Hanoi | |7th |2001 November 5 – November 6 |[pic]  Brunei |Bandar Seri Begawan | |8th |2002 November 4 – November 5 |[pic]  Cambodia |Phnom Penh | |9th |2003 Oc tober 7 – October 8 |[pic]  Indonesia |Bali | |10th |2004 November 29 – November 30 |[pic]  Laos |Vientiane | |11th |2005 December 12 – December 14 |[pic]  Malaysia |Kuala Lumpur | |12th |2006 December 11 – December 14 |[pic]  Philippines |Metro Cebu | |13th |2007 |[pic]  Singapore |Singapore | |14th |2008 |[pic]  Thailand | |15th |2009 |[pic]  Vietnam | | Logo and Flag of ASEAN: [pic] The New ASEAN logo represents a stable, peaceful, united and dynamic ASEAN. The colors of the logo — blue, red, white and yellow — represent the main colors of the crests of all the ASEAN countries. The blue represents peace and stability. Red depicts courage and dynamism. White shows purity and yellow symbolizes prosperity. The ten stalks of padi represent the dream of ASEAN's Founding Fathers for an ASEAN comprising all the ten countries in Southeast Asia bound together in friendship and solidarity. The circle represents the unity of ASEAN. [pi c] Flag of ASEAN In 2003, the ASEAN Leaders resolved that an ASEAN Community shall be established comprising three pillars, namely, ASEAN Security Community, ASEAN Economic Community and ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community. ASEAN SECURITY COMMUNITY To build on what has been constructed over the years in the field of political and security cooperation, the ASEAN Leaders have agreed to establish the ASEAN Security Community (ASC). The ASC shall aim to ensure that countries in the region live at peace with one another and with the world in a just, democratic and harmonious environment. It has the following components: political development; shaping and sharing of norms; conflict prevention; conflict resolution; post-conflict peace building; and implementing mechanisms. It will be built on the strong foundation of ASEAN processes, principles, agreements, and structures, which evolved over the years. ASEAN ECONOMIC COMMUNITY Its goal is to create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN economic region in which there is a free flow of goods, services, investment and a free flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities in year 2020. The ASEAN Economic Community shall establish ASEAN as a single market and production base, turning the diversity that characterizes the region into opportunities for business complementation and making the ASEAN a more dynamic and stronger segment of the global supply chain. ASEAN’s strategy shall consist of the integration of ASEAN and enhancing ASEAN’s economic competitiveness. In moving towards the ASEAN Economic Community, ASEAN has agreed on the following: †¢ Institute new mechanisms and measures to strengthen the implementation of its existing economic initiatives including the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA), ASEAN Framework Agreement on Services (AFAS) and ASEAN Investment Area (AIA); †¢ Accelerate regional integration in the following priority sectors by 2010: air travel, agro-based products, automotives, e-commerce, electronics, fisheries, healthcare, rubber-based products, textiles and apparels, tourism, and wood-based products. Facilitate movement of business persons, skilled labor and talents; and strengthen the institutional mechanisms of ASEAN, including the improvement of the existing ASEAN Dispute Settlement Mechanism to ensure expeditious and legally-binding resolution of any economic disputes. Other major integrati on-related economic activities of ASEAN include the following: †¢ Roadmap for Financial and Monetary Integration of ASEAN in four areas, namely, capital market development, capital account liberalization, liberalization of financial services and currency cooperation; †¢ Trans-ASEAN transportation network consisting of major inter-state highway and railway networks, including the Singapore to Kunming Rail-Link, principal ports, and sea lanes for maritime traffic, inland waterway transport, and major civil aviation links; †¢ Roadmap for Integration of Air Travel Sector; Interoperability and interconnectivity of national telecommunications equipment and services, including the ASEAN Telecommunications Regulators Council Sectoral Mutual Recognition Arrangement (ATRC-MRA) on Conformity Assessment for Telecommunications Equipment; †¢ Trans-ASEAN energy networks, which consist of the ASEAN Power Grid and the Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline Projects; †¢ Initiative for ASEA N Integration (IAI) focusing on infrastructure, human resource development, information and communications technology, and regional economic integration primarily in the CLMV countries; †¢ Visit ASEAN Campaign and the private sector-led ASEAN Hip-Hop Pass to promote intra-ASEAN tourism; and †¢ Agreement on the ASEAN Food Security Reserve. ASEAN SOCIO-CULTURAL COMMUNITY The ASEAN Socio-Cultural Community envisages a Southeast Asia bonded together in partnership as a community of caring societies and founded on a common regional identity. The Community shall foster cooperation in social development aimed at raising the standard of living of disadvantaged groups and the rural population, and shall seek the active involvement of all sectors of society, in particular women, youth, and local communities. ASEAN shall ensure that its work force shall be prepared for, and benefit from, economic integration by investing more resources for basic and higher education, training, science and technology development, job creation, and social protection. ASEAN shall further intensify cooperation in the area of public health, including in the prevention and control of infectious and communicable diseases. The development and enhancement of human resources is a key strategy for employment generation, alleviating poverty and socio-economic disparities, and ensuring economic growth with equity. Among the on-going activities of ASEAN in this area include the following: †¢ ASEAN Work Programme for Social Welfare, Family, and Population; †¢ ASEAN Work Programme on HIV/AIDS; †¢ ASEAN Work Programme on Community-Based Care for the Elderly; †¢ ASEAN Occupational Safety and Health Network; ASEAN Work Programme on Preparing ASEAN Youth for Sustainable Employment and Other Challenges of Globalization; †¢ ASEAN University Network (AUN) promoting collaboration among seventeen member universities ASEAN; †¢ ASEAN Students Exchange Programme, Youth Cultural Forum, and the ASEAN Young Speakers Forum; †¢ The Annual ASEAN Culture Week, ASEAN Youth Camp and ASEAN Quiz; †¢ ASEAN Media Exchange Programme; and †¢ Framework for Environmentally Sustainable Cities (ESC) and ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution. EXTERNAL RELATIONS: The ASEAN Vision 2020 affirmed an outward-looking ASEAN playing a pivotal role in the international community and advancing ASEAN’s common interests. Building on the Joint Statement on East Asia Cooperation of 1999, cooperation between the Southeast and Northeast Asian countries has accelerated with the holding of an annual summit among the leaders of ASEAN, China, Japan, and the Republic of Korea (ROK) within the ASEAN Plus Three process. ASEAN Plus Three relations continue to expand and deepen in the areas of security dialogue and cooperation, transnational crime, trade and investment, environment, finance and monetary, agriculture and forestry, energy, tourism, health, labor, culture and the arts, science and technology, information and communication technology, social welfare and development, youth, and rural development and poverty eradication. There are now thirteen ministerial-level meetings under the ASEAN plus Three process. Bilateral trading arrangements have been or are being forged between ASEAN Member Countries and China, Japan, and the ROK. These arrangements will serve as the building blocks of an East Asian Free Trade Area as a long term goal. ASEAN continues to develop cooperative relations with its Dialogue Partners, namely, Australia, Canada, China, the European Union, India, Japan, the ROK, New Zealand, the Russian Federation, the United States of America, and the United Nations Development Programme. ASEAN also promotes cooperation with Pakistan in some areas of mutual interest. Consistent with its resolve to enhance cooperation with other developing regions, ASEAN maintains contact with other inter-governmental organizations, namely, the Economic Cooperation Organization, the Gulf Cooperation Council, the Rio Group, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the South Pacific Forum, and through the recently established Asian-African Sub-Regional Organization Conference. Most ASEAN Member Countries also participate actively in the activities of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), the Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM), and the East Asia-Latin America Forum (EALAF). ASEAN Vision â€Å"2020†: This was said at one of its summit. We, the Heads of State/Government of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, gather today in Kuala Lumpur to reaffirm our commitment to the aims and purposes of the Association as set forth in the Bangkok Declaration of 8 August 1967, in particular to promote regional cooperation in Southeast Asia in the spirit of equality and partnership and thereby contribute towards peace, progress and prosperity in the region. We in ASEAN have created a community of Southeast Asian nations at peace with one another and at peace with the world, rapidly achieving prosperity for our peoples and steadily improving their lives. Our rich diversity has provided the strength and inspiration to us to help one another foster a strong sense of community. We are now a market of around 500 million people with a combined gross domestic product of US$600 billion. We have achieved considerable results in the economic field, such as high economic growth, stability and significant poverty alleviation over the past few years. Members have enjoyed substantial trade and investment flows from significant liberalization measures. We resolve to build upon these achievements. Now, as we approach the 21st century, thirty years after the birth of ASEAN, we gather to chart a vision for ASEAN on the basis of today's realities and prospects in the decades leading to the Year 2020. That vision is of ASEAN as a concert of Southeast Asian nations, outward looking, living in peace, stability and prosperity, bonded together in partnership in dynamic development and in a community of caring societies. ASEAN shall have, by the year 2020, established a peaceful and stable Southeast Asia where each nation is at peace with itself and where the causes for conflict have been eliminated, through abiding respect for justice and the rule of law and through the strengthening of national and regional resilience. STRUCTURES & MECHANISMS: The highest decision-making organ of ASEAN is the Meeting of the ASEAN Heads of State and Government. The ASEAN Summit is convened every year. The ASEAN Ministerial Meeting (Foreign Ministers) is held annually. Ministerial meetings on the following sectors are also held regularly: agriculture and forestry, economics (trade), energy, environment, finance, health, information, investment, labor, law, regional haze, rural development and poverty alleviation, science and technology, social welfare, telecommunications, transnational crime, transportation, tourism, youth. Supporting these ministerial bodies are committees of senior officials, technical working groups and task forces. To support the conduct of ASEAN’s external relations, ASEAN has established committees composed of heads of diplomatic missions in the following capitals: Beijing, Berlin, Brussels, Canberra, Geneva, Islamabad, London, Moscow, New Delhi, New York, Ottawa, Paris, Riyadh, Seoul, Tokyo, Washington D. C. and Wellington. The Secretary-General of ASEAN is appointed on merit and accorded ministerial status. The Secretary-General of ASEAN, who has a five-year term, is mandated to initiate, advise, coordinate, and implement ASEAN activities. The members of the professional staff of the ASEAN Secretariat are appointed on the principle of open recruitment and region-wide competition. ASEAN has several specialized bodies and arrangements promoting inter-governmental cooperation in various fields including the following: ASEAN Agricultural Development Planning Centre, ASEAN-EC Management Centre, ASEAN Centre for Energy, ASEAN Earthquake Information Centre, ASEAN Foundation, ASEAN Poultry Research and Training Centre, ASEAN Regional Centre for Biodiversity Conservation, ASEAN Rural Youth Development Centre, ASEAN Specialized Meteorological Centre, ASEAN Timber A Partnership in Dynamic Development: We resolve to chart a new direction towards the year 2020 called, ASEAN 2020: Partnership in Dynamic Development which will forge closer economic integration within ASEAN. We pledge to sustain ASEAN's high economic performance by building upon the foundation of our existing cooperation efforts, consolidating our achievements, expanding our collective efforts and enhancing mutual assistance. We will create a stable, prosperous and highly competitive ASEAN Economic Region in which there is a free flow of goods, services and investments, a freer flow of capital, equitable economic development and reduced poverty and socio-economic disparities. We resolve, inter-alia, to undertake the following: †¢ Maintain regional macroeconomic and financial stability by promoting closer consultations in macroeconomic and financial policies. Advance economic integration and cooperation by undertaking the following general strategies: fully implement the ASEAN Free Trade Area and accelerate liberalization of trade in services, realize the ASEAN Investment Area by 2010 and free flow of investments by 2020; intensify and expand sub-regional cooperation in existing and new sub-regional growth areas; further consolidate and expand extra-ASEAN regional linkages for mutual benefit cooperate to strengthen the multilateral trading system, and reinforce the role of the business sector as the engine of growth. †¢ Promote a modern and competitive small and medium enterprises (SME) sector in ASEAN which will contribute to the industrial development and efficiency of the region. †¢ Accelerate the free flow of professional and other services in the region. †¢ Promote financial sector liberalization and closer cooperation in money and capital market, tax, insurance and customs matters as well as closer consultations in macroeconomic and financial policies. Accelerate the development of science and technology including information technology by establishing a regional information technology network and centers of excellence for dissemination of and easy access to data and information. †¢ Establish interconnecting arrangements in the field o f energy and utilities for electricity, natural gas and water within ASEAN through the ASEAN Power Grid and a Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline and Water Pipeline, and promote cooperation in energy efficiency and conservation, as well as the development of new and renewable energy resources. †¢ Enhance food security and international competitiveness of food, agricultural and forest products, to make ASEAN a leading producer of these products, and promote the forestry sector as a model in forest management, conservation and sustainable development. meet the ever increasing demand for improved infrastructure and communications by developing an integrated and harmonized trans-ASEAN transportation network and harnessing technology advances in telecommunication and information technology, especially in linking the planned information highways/multimedia corridors in ASEAN, promoting open sky policy, developing multi-modal transport, facilitating goods in transit and integrating telecommunica tions networks through greater interconnectivity, coordination of frequencies and mutual recognition of equipment-type approval procedures. †¢ Enhance human resource development in all sectors of the economy through quality education, upgrading of skills and capabilities and training. †¢ Work towards a world class standards and conformance system that will provide a harmonized system to facilitate the free flow of ASEAN trade while meeting health, safety and environmental needs. †¢ Use the ASEAN Foundation as one of the instruments to address issues of unequal economic development, poverty and socioeconomic disparities. promote an ASEAN customs partnership for world class standards and excellence in efficiency, professionalism and service, and uniformity through harmonized procedures, to promote trade and investment and to protect the health and well-being of the ASEAN community, †¢ enhance intra-ASEAN trade and investment in the mineral sector and to contribute towards a technologically competent ASEAN through closer networking and sharing of information on mineral and geosciences as well as to enhance cooperation and partnership with dialogue partners to facilitate the development and transfer of technology in the mineral sector, particularly in the downstream research and the geosciences and to develop appropriate mechanism for these. USE OF THE NAME â€Å"ASEAN†: The Presidium Minister for Political Affairs/Minister for Foreign Affairs of Indonesia, the Deputy Prime Minister of Malaysia, the Secretary of Foreign Affairs of the Philippines, the Minister for Foreign Affairs of Singapore, and the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Thailand do hereby declare the establishment of an association for regional cooperation among the countries of Southeast Asia to be known as the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). – ASEAN Declaration, Bangkok, 8 August 1967 I. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS The ASEAN Standing Committee, at its meeting in Manila on 16-18 June 1986, adopted the Guidelines for ASEAN Relations with Non-Governmental Organizations, which included a provision on the use of the name â€Å"ASEAN. † The relevant provision states that, an affiliated NGO â€Å"may use the name ‘ASEAN’ and display the official ASEAN emblem in correspondence, communications, and at its official meetings so long as the displaying of such emblem is non-commercial in nature. † II. PRIVATE SECTOR The ASEAN Standing Committee, at its meeting in Jakarta on 10 January 1979, adopted the Guidelines on the Use of the name â€Å"ASEAN† by the Private Sector. Below are the main points: Member countries shall exercise some measure of control on the use of the name â€Å"ASEAN† by the private sector for business purposes. This administrative control shall be exercised where official registration is required by law for setting up a company, such as a trading company, whether as a corporation or sole proprietorship. Any request for the use of the name â€Å"ASEAN† should satisfy the following conditions: (i)The entity should be regional in character involving all members of ASEAN; (ii)The name â€Å"ASEAN† should not be brought into disrepute by its usage; iii)The entity should be indigenous to ASEAN; (iv)The usage of ASEAN should not have any negative effect on the aims and objectives of ASEAN; The entity should have the sponsorship of any of the ASEAN Nation al Secretariats. ASEAN Regional Forum: [pic] ASEAN Regional Forum: —  ASEAN countries —  Other ASEAN Regional Forum participants. ASEAN regularly conducts dialogue meetings with other countries and an organization, collectively known as the ASEAN dialogue partners during the ASEAN Regional Forum(ARF). The ASEAN Regional Forum is an informal multilateral dialogue of 25 members that seeks to address security issues in the Asia-Pacific region. The ARF met for the first time in 1994. The current participants in the ARF are as follows: ASEAN, Australia, Canada, People's Republic of China, European Union, India, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Mongolia, New Zealand, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Russia, East Timor, and the United States. Bangladesh was added to ARF as the 26th member, starting from July 28, 2006. Outlook of ASEAN: Realizing the vision of ASEAN’s founding fathers of an association of all Southeast Asian countries is thus hardly the end of ASEAN history. It is rather a call for a renewed commitment to broader regional solidarity among the peoples of Southeast Asia. ASEAN has learned to draw strength from unity not only among governments but also among its diverse peoples. The ASEAN experience and the ASEAN process must reach out to all spectra of our societies,† said former Foreign Minister Prachaub Chaiyasan of Thailand in 1997. â€Å"Through ASEAN this region will become a grassroots-supported and close-knit community bound together no t only by common interests but by shared values, identity and aspirations among our peoples. † ASEAN faces the future with confidence. Its strong foundation and remarkable achievements will serve Southeast Asia well as it pursues higher goals in the new millennium. ASEAN’s leaders have reaffirmed that co-operative peace and shared prosperity should be the association’s basic goals. Towards these goals ASEAN shall remain a driving force in building a more predictable and constructive pattern of relationships among nations in the Asia-Pacific region. ASEAN will move towards greater economic integration, emphasizing sustainable and equitable growth. ASEAN will nourish a caring and cohesive Southeast Asian community, whose strength lies in fostering a common regional identity and a shared vision of the future. Overview: The ASEAN declaration of 1967 exhorts the association to attain its economic, social and cultural aims through â€Å"joint endeavors† and â€Å"active collaboration and mutual assistance. † Regarding its political objective of regional peace and stability, however, the Declaration contains no equivalent exhortation. It speaks only of â€Å"respect for justice and the rule of law† and â€Å"adherence to the principles of the United Nations Charter. † It makes no impassioned call for the ASEAN member states to take common political positions. The restraint with which ASEAN’s founders expressed the political aim of their brainchild was understandable. They did not want their intentions to be misunderstood. They did not want ASEAN to be mistaken for a military grouping among political allies-as some of its predecessors had been. Moreover, at the time of ASEAN’s conception, Southeast Asia was beset by instability aggravated by underdevelopment. The ASEAN pioneer states themselves were just beginning to learn to trust one another, while nursing he hangover of bitter disputes of recent years. The newborn ASEAN was, therefore, presented as a sub regional grouping for economic, social and cultural cooperation. But security concerns and political purposes were never far from th e ASEAN founders’ intentions. As a key figure in ASEAN diplomacy, former Indonesian Foreign Minister Ali Alatas has pointed out, â€Å"The truth is that politics attended ASEAN at its birth. It was the convergence in political outlook among the five original members, their shared convictions on national priority objectives and on how best to secure these objectives in the evolving strategic environment of East Asia which impelled them to form ASEAN. ASEAN spent almost the whole first decade of its existence developing and refining the concepts that form the basis of its work and methods of cooperation. In those early years its ministerial and other meetings became occasions for fostering trust and goodwill, for developing the habit of working together informally and openly. In the process ASEAN leaders realized that their countries could never attain national stability and socioeconomic development if Southeast Asia-afflicted with strife and cold War rivalry-remained in poli tical turmoil. The ASEAN member states strove for resilience, both individually as nations and collectively as a sub regional grouping; for they knew the association would not amount to much if external powers regularly intervened in Southeast Asian affairs. At the First ASEAN Summit in Bali in February 1976, the member countries signed the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, which spelled out the basic principles for their relations with one another and the conduct of the association’s programme for cooperation: †¢ Mutual respect for the independence, sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity and national identity of all nations; †¢ The right of every state to lead its national existence free from external interference, subversion or coercion; †¢ Noninterference in the internal affairs of one another; †¢ Settlement of differences or disputes by peaceful means; †¢ Renunciation of the threat or use of force; and †¢ Effective cooperation among themselves. The treaty envisaged these principles as the foundation of a strong Southeast Asian community. It stated that ASEAN political and security dialogue and cooperation should aim to promote regional peace and stability by enhancing regional resilience. And this resilience shall be achieved by cooperation in all fields among the member countries. Following these principles and guidelines, Southeast Asia embarked on a journey towards regional solidarity that has been steady and sure. Through political dialogue and confidence building, ASEAN has prevented occasional bilateral tensions from escalating into confrontation among its members. And by 1999 the vision of an ASEAN is including all the countries of Southeast Asia as members had been achieved. Achievements in Political Collaboration: Since 1967 ASEAN has forged major political accords that have contributed greatly to regional peace and stability, and to its relations with other countries, regions and organizations. Foremost among these are: Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality. On 27 November 1971 the foreign ministers of the then five ASEAN members met in Kuala Lumpur and signed the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality (ZOPFAN) Declaration. It commits all ASEAN members to â€Å"exert efforts to secure the recognition of and respect for Southeast Asia as a Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality, free from any manner of interference by outside powers,† and to â€Å"make concerted efforts to broaden the areas of cooperation, which would contribute to their strength, solidarity and closer relationship. ZOPFAN recognizes â€Å"the right of every state, large or small, to lead its national existence free from outside interference in its internal affairs as this interference will adversely affect its freedom, independence and integrity. † Another five years passed before the next major development in political cooperation came about-the First ASEAN Summit in Bali, when the ASEAN leaders signed three major documents: the Declaration of ASEAN Concord, the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia, and the Agreement Establishing the ASEAN Secretariat. Declaration of ASEAN Concord. Departing from the more circumspect Bangkok Declaration, the Declaration of ASEAN Concord stated for the first time that the member countries would expand political cooperation. It also adopted principles for regional stability and a programme of action for political cooperation. The programme called for holding ASEAN summits among the heads of government; signing the Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia; settling intraregional disputes â€Å"by peaceful means as soon as possible†; improving the ASEAN machinery to strengthen political cooperation; studying how to develop judicial cooperation including the possibility of an ASEAN extradition treaty; and strengthening political solidarity by promoting the harmonization of views, coordinating positions and, where possible and desirable, taking common action. Treaty of Amity and Cooperation (TAC) in Southeast Asia. TAC raised the provisions of the Kuala Lumpur Declaration to the level of a treaty to which other Southeast Asian countries could accede and with which the nonregional countries could associate themselves. The treaty enshrines the following principles: mutual respect for one another’s sovereignty; noninterference in internal affairs; the peaceful settlement of intraregional d isputes; and effective cooperation. The treaty also provides for a code of conduct for the peaceful settlement of disputes. And it mandates the establishment of a high council made up of ministerial representatives from the parties as a dispute-settlement mechanism. To this day, TAC remains the only indigenous regional diplomatic instrument providing a mechanism and processes for the peaceful settlement of disputes. Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone. At the ASEAN Summit in Bangkok on 15 December 1995, the leaders of all the ten Southeast ASEAN countries signed the Treaty on the Southeast Asia Nuclear Weapon-Free Zone (SEANWFZ). As a key component of ZOPFAN, the SEANWFZ treaty ex-presses ASEAN’s determination to contribute to-wards general and complete nuclear disarmament and the promotion of international peace and security. It also aims to protect the region from environmental pollution and the hazards posed by radio-active waste and other toxic materials. The SEANWFZ treaty came into force on 27 March 1997. ASEAN is now negotiating with the five nuclear-weapon states on the terms of their accession to the protocol which lays down their commitments under the treaty. ASEAN has put in place the SEANWFZ Commission and the Executive Committee of the commission to oversee implementation of the treaty’s provisions and ensure compliance with them. The association adopted procedural and financial rules governing the work of the treaty bodies at the seco0nd meeting of the SEANWFZ Commission in Bangkok in July 2000. Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict. One of the most important chapters in the history of ASEAN diplomacy took place during the Cambodian conflict. The ASEAN-sponsored resolutions at the UN General Assembly, which called for a durable and comprehensive political settlement in Cambodia, received consistent support from the international community. With Indonesia as interlocutor, ASEAN maintained its dialogue with all parties to the conflict. This eventually led to the Jakarta Informal Meetings at which the four Cambodian factions discussed peace and national reconciliation. The process proved to be protracted, requiring the help of many states and the United Nations. It extended to the early 1990s, culminating in the 19-nation Paris Conference on Cambodia, which was chaired by France and Indonesia. On 23 October 1991 the Paris Conference on Cambodia produced the Comprehensive Political Settlement of the Cambodian Conflict. This settlement paved the way for the formation of the Cambodian Supreme National Council, in which four factions participated, and the holding of elections supervised by the United Nations Transitional Authority on Cambodia. Nineteen ninety-nine will be remembered as the year when the vision of ASEAN’s founders to build an association comprising all the Southeast Asian countries was fully realized. The admission of Cambodia to ASEAN on 30 April 1999 in Ha Noi completed the association’s efforts towards regional cohesion, 32 years after the original five members-Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, the Philippines and Thailand-first got together. Insular and peninsular Southeast Asia and all of mainland Southeast Asia are now joined in one association. The region is no longer divided between ASEAN and non-ASEAN, between mainland and maritime Southeast Asia. Recent Issues and Concerns: It is in ASEAN’s ability and readiness to resolve political differences affecting its members and other countries in the Asia-Pacific region that the association’s commitment to political co-operation is put to the test. More often than not, that commitment has been affirmed and the ASEAN approach to solving potentially explosive issues vindicated. These issues include territorial and jurisdictional disputes in the South China Sea; self-determination for East Timor; nuclear proliferation in Northeast Asia and South Asia; weapons of mass destruction; and the impact of globalization. South China Sea. Like many other parts of the world, Southeast Asia faces territorial disputes among its members and nearby states. In these disputes ASEAN has consistently pursued a policy of cooperation in seeking the peaceful settlement of differences. In 1992, recognizing that any conflict in the South China Sea could directly affect peace and stability in the region, ASEAN issued a declaration â€Å"urging all parties concerned to exercise restraint in order to create a positive climate for the eventual resolution of all disputes. ASEAN further â€Å"emphasized the necessity to resolve all sovereignty and jurisdictional issues about the South China Sea by peaceful means, without resort to force. † The Manila Declaration of 1992, which pr oposed a modus vivendi in the South China Sea, represents one of the most remarkable demonstrations of political solidarity among ASEAN members on strategic issues of common concern. On the suggestion of ASEAN, ASEAN and China have been working on a Code of Conduct to govern state behavior in the South China Sea. The ASEAN-China Senior Officials’ Consultations Working Group on the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea met four times this year to negotiate a working draft code of conduct covering principles and norms of state-to-state relations, peaceful settlement of disputes and cooperation. East Timor. ASEAN supported the implementation of the agreement between Indonesia and Portugal on the question of East Timor and the 5 May 1999 agreements between the United Nations and the Indonesian and Portuguese governments about the modalities for the popular consultations of the East Timorese. The consultations were held on 30 August 1999. As violence rocked the territory following the referendum, the ASEAN leaders who were in Auckland for the APEC Economic Leaders’ Meeting gathered to address the problem. Some of them agreed to contribute, at great expense, to the International Force for East Timor, which was formed upon Indonesia’s invitation. The UN Transitional Administration in East Timor (UNTAET) was subsequently set up, with a Filipino general taking over the command of the peacekeeping force. A Thai general has since succeeded him. Other ASEAN members have been extending humanitarian and other forms of assistance to East Timor. ASEAN has called on the international community to help East Timor achieve peace, stability and prosperity during its transition to full independence, which would contribute to the stability of Southeast Asia. Following the separation of East Timor from Indonesia, ASEAN has declared its position that a united, democratic and economically prosperous Indonesia is basic to the maintenance of regional security. In this context, the association emphasized its support for Indonesia’s territorial integrity. Northeast Asia. At the Seventh ASEAN Regional Forum in July 2000, the participation for the first time of the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea in the ARF process was welcomed-a significant step in the rapid evolution of the situation on the Korean Peninsula and thus in the security environment of the Asia-Pacific region. North Korea’s ARF membership provides additional opportunities for dialogue and exchanges between North Korea and those ARF countries with key roles in the Korean situation. ASEAN expressed support for the historic summit between the North and South Korean leaders, held in Pyongyang on 13-15 June 2000. It also commended the 15 June North-South Joint Declaration, the first agreement signed at the highest level since the division of the Korean Peninsula in 1945. Challenges of globalization. The Seventh ASEAN Regional Forum observed that although the security outlook for the region remains positive, uncertainties and challenges-particularly those posed by globalization-would increasingly require ARF’s attention. The Seventh ARF also considered the economic, social and human components of security and the need to promote regional cooperation in dealing with regional security issues. It discussed both the positive effects and the repercussions of globalization, including greater economic interdependence among nations and the multiplication of security threats like transnational crime. In responding to globalization, ARF felt it necessary for nations to strengthen their individual and collective capacities to meet the challenges affecting their common security. ARF has reaffirmed the need for Southeast Asian countries to continue efforts, through dialogue and cooperation at national and international levels, in dealing with the economic, social and political impacts of globalization so as to ensure sustained economic and social development. ASEAN and intra-ASEAN relations: weathering the storm? In April 1999, ASEAN formally admitted Cambodia thereby completing its declared goal of grouping together all ten Southeast Asian countries under its umbrella. This was the culminating event in the latest phase of ASEAN's enlargement. This process, however, had been problematic from the start. The entry of Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam without any clear criteria for admission has raised questions regarding the preparedness of these countries to participate in ASEAN. More importantly, it led to strains in ASEAN's relations with its dialogue partners over the legitimacy of some of the governments in power in these countries. The was further complicated by the economic upheaval caused by the financial crisis which struck Southeast Asia in 1997. The impact of these events on ASEAN has put into question the association's growing role as a leading player in Asia-Pacific affairs. More importantly, it has raised issues which are central to ASEAN's continued existence. Bibliography: 1. www. google. com. 2. www. ASEANsec. org. 3. Introductory Managerial Economics-II (By D. M. Mithani)